Black fungal extremes - CBS

More documents

Recommendations

Info

e n v i r o nm e n ta l is o l at i o nsTable 1. (Continued).Morphological ID Final ITS ID CBS dH Vicente /AttiliOriginSourceExophiala sp. Exophiala xenobiotica 4 122829 18631 D0023 Rio Claro Railway tie treated with creosote 15 yr agoExophiala sp. Exophiala xenobiotica 4 122846 18632 D0024 Rio Claro Railway tie treated with creosote 15 yr agoExophiala sp. Exophiala xenobiotica 4 122828 18637 D0037 Rio Claro Railway tie treated with creosote 15 yr agoBlack fungus sp. Veronaea botryosa 4 122826 18639 D0045 Rio Claro Railway tie treated with creosote 20 yr agoBlack fungus sp. Veronaea botryosa 4 122824 18640 D0047 Rio Claro Railway tie treated with creosote 20 yr agoBlack fungus sp. Veronaea botryosa 4 122822 18641 D0060 Rio Claro Railway tie treated with creosote 20 yr agoBlack fungus sp. Veronaea botryosa 4 122825 18642 D0063 Rio Claro Railway tie treated with creosote 20 yr agoBlack fungus sp. Veronaea botryosa 4 122823 18628 D0017 Rio Claro Railway tie treated with creosote 20 yr agoAureobasidium sp. Aureobasidium pullulans 4 122827 18657 D0216 Paulinia Polluted soil, Replan Co.Abbreviations used: CBS = Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures; dH = G.S. de Hoog working collection.Known agent of: 1 systemic and disseminated disease; 2 mycetoma; 3 chromoblastomycosis; 4 mild cutaneous disease; 6 systemic disease and pulmonary colonization5Known opportunistic agent (including chromoblastomycosis).ribitol, xylitol, myo-inositol, glucono-б-lactone, D- and L-lactate,succinate, nitrite, urease and tolerance to 5% NaCl (Table 2). Thisphysiological profile was similar to that of clinical strains FP65 andFP82 (Table 2) originating from symptomatic patients of the samegeographic region (first plateau, Fig. 1). With ITS sequencing FE5P4was identified as Fonsecaea monophora. Environmental isolateFP8D morphologically was cladophialophora-like but was identifiedas F. monophora based on molecular data. It had physiologicalsimilarity with clinical strain FP82 of F. monophora (Table 2) andwas isolated from the same location where the patient, a carrierof chromoblastomycosis, had acquired his infection (Piraquaracity, Fig. 1). All strains grew at 37 °C but not at 40 ºC, similar toknown Fonsecaea species (de Hoog et al. 2004). Isolate F1PLEwas recovered from soil, located on the second plateau (Fig. 1). Itshowed similar morphology to Rhinocladiella but through moleculardata it was identified as F. monophora (Table 1). Strains FE5P6,FE5II and FCL2 strains appeared to represent undescribed speciesof the genus Fonsecaea (Table 1).In the same region isolate (FE3) was recovered which wasmorphologically identified as Phialophora verrucosa on the basis ofpronounced funnel-shaped collarettes from which the conidia werereleased. The isolate did not assimilate glucose, ribose and inulinbut was capable of L-lysine assimilation (Table 2), a result that isconsistent with the physiological characteristics of the P. verrucosareference strain (de Hoog et al. 1999). With molecular ID a hithertoundescribed Phialophora species was found (Table 1).Strain FE6IIB, morphologically identified as Exophialaspecies (Table 1) physiologically differed from reference strains ofExophiala (de Hoog et al. 2000a) by positive responses to lactose,L-arabinose, myo-inositol, D-gluconate and DL-lactate, by beingable to assimilate D-ribose, and also presenting weak assimilationof glucoronate. By molecular identification was identified asthe anamorph of Capronia semi-immersa. Isolate F14PL waspreponderantly yeast-like and was provisionally identified asExophiala jeanselmei, but ITS sequence data suggested E. bergeri(Table 1). Isolate FE4IIB showed morphological similarity toE. lecanii-corni, but differed from reference strains (de Hooget al. 2000a) by positive assimilation of lactose, L-arabinose,myo-inositol, D-glucuronate and DL-lactate and by beingable to assimilate D-ribose and D-glucoronate. Moleculardata suggested identity with E. xenobiotica.Isolates F20PR3 and F3PLC, morphologically having thewww.studiesinmycology.orgappearance of Rhinocladiella species were identified as Exophialaxenobiotica by ITS data. These strains were unable to fermentglucose, to assimilate methanol, to grow at 40 ºC and were citratenegative. None of the strains analysed produced extracellularDNAse. Rhinocladiella-like strains F9PR and F9PRC werephysiologically similar, differing only in assimilation of glycerol andL-lysine (Table 2). Using molecular data, they were identified asan undescribed Rhinocladiella species (Table 1). Strains FE10IIBand FE10IIB1 were initially thought to be Rhinocladiella- orfonsecaea-like species. FE10IIB1 did not assimilate inulin and wasphysiologically similar to Rhinocladiella atrovirens (CBS 264.49and CBS 380.59). No close molecular match was found for eitherof these strains (Table 1).DISCUSSIONChaetothyrialean black yeasts and relatives are interestingmicroorganisms from ecological as well as clinical points ofview. The recurrent and consistent infections cause by manyrepresentatives of the order indicates a possible adaptation of thefungi to the human host. In the environment they occupy specificmicro-habitats, probably due to their low competitive ability towardsco-occurring microorganisms. Their oligotrophism (Satow et al.2008) enables them to thrive and maintain at low density in adversesubstrates where common saprobes are absent (de Hoog 1993,1997). An eventual potential as an environmental pathogen mayinvolve a composite life cycle of the fungi concerned. However, theinvasive potential is polyphyletic and differs significantly betweenspecies (Badali et al. 2008). Recurrent, consistently identifiablediseases are caused by relatively few species, which may bemorphologically very similar to environmental counterparts which inmany cases seem to be undescribed (Table 1). Therefore a reliabletaxonomic system is mandatory to obtain better understanding ofthe link between clinical disease and environmental ecology.The state of Paraná in southern Brazil is an endemic regionfor chromoblastomycosis. Fonsecaea pedrosoi is supposed tobe responsible for more than 95% of the clinical cases, mainlyinfecting agricultural laborers (Queiroz-Telles 1997). This speciesis now known to comprise two cryptic entities, causing the samedisease but seemingly differing in virulence (de Hoog et al. 2004).Out of five clinical strains tested from Paraná, two appeared to be141
Vi c e n t e e t a l.Table 2. Physiological test results of Brazilian isolates.FE3 Phialophora sp. 1FE9 C. immundaF10PLA C. immundaFE1IIA Clad. sp. 3FP4IIB C. saturnicaFP4IIA C. saturnicaF10PLB C. immundaF11PLA Clad. sp. 2F14PL E. bergeriFE4IIB E. xenobioticaFE6IIB Cap. semiimmersaF20PR3 E. xenobioticaF3PLC E. xenobioticaF9PR Rhin. sp. 1F9PRC Rhin. sp. 1FE10IIB1 Rhin. sp. 1Fp82 F. monophoraFp65 F. monophoraFE5P4 F. monophoraFP8D F. monophoraF1PLE F. monophoraF9PRA Fonsecaea sp. 1FE10IIB Fonsecaea sp. 3FE1IIB Fonsecaea sp. 31 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24D-Glucose + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + w/+ + +D-Galactose + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +L-Sorbose + w + w + + + + + w + - w + w w w + + w w/+ w w wD-Glucosamine w/+ w w + w w w w w/+ + w + + w w/- - w + w w w w/- + +D-Ribose - + + + + + + + + + w + + w - w/- w/- w/- w/- w/- - - + +D-Xylose + + + + + + + w + + + + + + w/+ + w/+ + + w/+ w/+ + + +L-Arabinose + + + + + + + + + + + + + + w/+ + + + + + w/+ + + +D-Arabinose + w + + w w + w + w/+ w + + w - - - + w - w/- - + +L-Rhamnose + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Sucrose + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + w/+ + + w/+ + + + +Maltose + + + + + + + + + + + + + + w/+ + w/+ + + w/+ w/+ + + +α,α-Trehalose + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Methyl-α-D-Glucoside w + + - + + + + - - + w - + + + w/- + w w/- w + - -Cellobiose + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + w w/+ + w w/+ w/+ + +Salicin + + + + + + + + w/- + + + + + + + + + + + + w + +Arbutin + + + + + + + + w/+ + + + + + w/+ + + + + + + + + +Melibiose - + + + w w + + - + + + + + w/+ + + + + + w/+ w/+ + +Lactose - + + - + + + + w/- - - - w + + + w/- + w w/- w/- w/+ - -Raffinose + + + + + + + + w + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Melezitose + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Inulin - - - w - - - - - w/- w w w - - - - - - - - - w wSol. starch w w w w/+ - - w - - w/- - w/+ w/+ - w/- w/- w/- w/- - w/- w/- w/- w/+ w/+Glycerol + + + + + + + w + + w + + w + + w + w w w + + +meso-Erythritol + + + + + + + + w/- + + + + + + + w/- + w w/- w + + +Ribitol + w + + + + + + + + + + + w w w/+ w/- + w w/- w w/- + +Xylitol - + + + + + + + + + w + + + + + - + w - w/- + + +L-Arabinitol w + + w/+ w w + + + + w w/+ w/+ w w w/+ w/+ + + w/+ + w/+ w/+ w/+D-Glucitol + + + + w w + + + + + + + + w w/+ w/+ + + w/+ w/+ w/+ + +D-Mannitol + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + w/+ + + +Galactitol w + + - w w + w - - w - - w + + w/- + w w/- w + - -myo-Inositol + + + + + + + + + + w + + - - + - w/+ + - w - + +Glucono-d-Lactone + + + + + + + w w/+ w/+ w + + + w w w + + w w w + +D-Gluconate + w w w + + w w - w + w - w w w w + + w w w/- w wD-Glucuronate + w w w + + w + w w w w w w w w w + + w w/- w/- w wD-Galacturonate + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + w/- w/- w w/- w w/+ + +DL-Lactate + + + + w w + w + + w + + w + + w - w w w/+ w + +Succinate + w + + + + + + w w/+ w + + + w w w w/+ w w w w + +Citrate + w w - w/- w/- w + - - - - - w w/- w/- w w w w w w/- - -Methanol - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Ethanol w/+ w/+ + + w w + W + w/+ w + + w + w/+ w/+ + w w/+ w/+ + + +Nitrate + + + + + + + + w/+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +142
Page 1:
Studies in Mycology 61 (2008)Black
Page 4 and 5:
Studies in MycologyThe Studies in M
Page 7 and 8:
PREFACEThe terms "black fungi" or "
Page 9 and 10:
available online at www.studiesinmy
Page 11 and 12:
Dr o u g h t m e e t s a c i dTable
Page 13 and 14:
Dr o u g h t m e e t s a c i d2003/
Page 15 and 16:
Dr o u g h t m e e t s a c i din Pe
Page 17 and 18:
Dr o u g h t m e e t s a c i d99100
Page 19 and 20:
Dr o u g h t m e e t s a c i dAnamo
Page 21 and 22:
Dr o u g h t m e e t s a c i dFig.
Page 23 and 24:
Dr o u g h t m e e t s a c i dFig.
Page 25 and 26:
Dr o u g h t m e e t s a c i dconve
Page 27 and 28:
Dr o u g h t m e e t s a c i dal. 2
Page 29:
Page 32 and 33:
Za l a r e t a l.Table 1. List of a
Page 34 and 35:
Za l a r e t a l.Table 1. (Continue
Page 36 and 37:
Za l a r e t a l.Fig. 2. Consensus
Page 38 and 39:
Za l a r e t a l.Fig. 4. Macromorph
Page 40 and 41:
Za l a r e t a l.Fig. 5. Aureobasid
Page 42 and 43:
Za l a r e t a l.Fig. 7. Aureobasid
Page 44 and 45:
Za l a r e t a l.the type species o
Page 46 and 47:
Za l a r e t a l.Vishniac HS, Onofr
Page 48 and 49:
Yu r l o va e t a l.Table 1. Strain
Page 50 and 51:
Yu r l o va e t a l.112ОС2Fig. 1.
Page 52 and 53:
Yu r l o va e t a l.RESULTSFourteen
Page 54 and 55:
Yu r l o va e t a l.100908070605040
Page 56 and 57:
Yu r l o va e t a l.AcetateMelanin(
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Fat t y-a c i d-m o d if y i n g e
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Va u p o t i č e t a l.cerevisiae)
Page 70 and 71:
Va u p o t i č e t a l.Fig. 3. Mor
Page 72 and 73:
Va u p o t i č e t a l.HMG-CoA red
Page 74 and 75:
Pl e m e n i ta s e t a l.entire en
Page 76 and 77:
Pl e m e n i ta s e t a l.glycerol
Page 78 and 79:
Pl e m e n i ta s e t a l.Fig. 1. T
Page 80 and 81:
Pl e m e n i ta s e t a l.diversity
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Ti n e a n i g r aFig. 1. Map showi
Page 86 and 87:
Ti n e a n i g r aand Polynesia (Ue
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Bl a c k f u n g i in l i ch e n st
Page 92 and 93: Bl a c k f u n g i in l i ch e n sD
Page 94 and 95: Bl a c k f u n g i in l i ch e n sF
Page 96 and 97: available online at www.studiesinmy
Page 98 and 99: Ce l l u l a r r e s p o n s e s t
Page 104 and 105: On o f r i e t a l.Table 1. Test pa
Page 106 and 107: On o f r i e t a l.Analyses of resp
Page 108 and 109: On o f r i e t a l.Fig. 6. Percenta
Page 110 and 111: On o f r i e t a l.Fig. 11. Percent
Page 112 and 113: On o f r i e t a l.2005). The abili
Page 116 and 117: A r o c k-i n h a b i t i n g a n c
Page 124 and 125: De n g e t a l.Table 1. Strains use
Page 126 and 127: De n g e t a l.Table 3. Primer sequ
Page 128 and 129: De n g e t a l.10098CBS 157.67 Exop
Page 130 and 131: De n g e t a l.Table 5. Number of m
Page 134 and 135: Co n i o s p o r i u m o n s k i nT
Page 136 and 137: Co n i o s p o r i u m o n s k i nC
Page 140 and 141: e n v i r o nm e n ta l is o l at i
Page 144 and 145: e n v i r o nm e n ta l is o l at i
Page 148 and 149: Origin o f Ex o p h i a l a d e r m
Page 158 and 159: Sat o w e t a l.Table 1. Compositio
Page 160 and 161: Sat o w e t a l.Assimilation of min
Page 162 and 163: Sat o w e t a l.pollutants in biore
Page 166 and 167: s u b s t r at e s p e c i f i c i
Page 176 and 177: Bi o d i v e rs i t y o f t h e g e
Page 192 and 193:
homogentisate 165, 171, 173Hortaea
Page 194 and 195:
CBS Biodiversity SeriesNo. 6: Alter
Page 196 and 197:
Studies in Mycology (ISSN 0166-0616
Page 198:
Satow MM, Attili-Angelis D, Hoog GS
show all

Black fungal extremes - CBS

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?