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joystickA device used in games. It is like the control stick used in early airplanes. It can detecteight different directions, as well as centered.jumpThe GOTO command makes the computer jump to another line in the program, ratherthan execute the next line.lineLines start with a number followed by a statement which may contain expressions, etc.Parts of a line:16 IF 7)+2;|TRAT"Q$;"R"INT(Z)LEN(Q$)ZQ$+"R"7, "R", 2, "RAT"
listingA list of all the lines in a program.loadTo transfer the information in a file on tape or disk to the memory of the computer byusing the LOAD command.logicThe part of a program which compares numbers or strings. The relations =, , ,= used. See assertion, phrase A, AND, OR, NOT.loopA part of the program which is done over and over again. There are two kinds of loops:FOR...NEXT loops, "home made" loops which use IF... commands with a loop variableand GOTO commands.loop variableIs the number which changes as the loop is repeated. For example:40 FOR I=TO550 NEXT I I is the loop variablememoryThe part of the computer where information is stored. Memory is made of semiconductorchips, but we think of it as boxes with labels on the front and information inside.menuA list of choices shown on the screen. Each choice has a letter or number beside it. Theprogram user presses a key to pick which choice is wanted.messageA statement which tells what is expected in an INPUT statement. Example:61 INPUT "AGE";AmonitorHas two meanings. We use it to mean a box with a TV type screen which is connected tothe computer. It displays text and graphics but cannot receive television programs. Inmachine language programming, a monitor is a control program.nestingWhen one thing is inside of another. In a program we nest loops. Inside a statement, wecan nest expressions or functions.L=INT(LEN(P$)+3]X=*(6++7*(8+K)])nested functionsnested parentheses201
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KIDSAND THECOMMODORE 64
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KIDSAND THECOMMODORE 64neoartment o
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nTABLE OF CONTENTSAcknowledgements
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nACKNOWLEDGEMENTS^My sincere thanks
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nTO THE PARENTSThis book is designe
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n~ ABOUT PROGRAMMINGThere is a comm
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nn INSTRUCTOR NOTES 1 NEW, PRINT, R
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COMMAND THE COMPUTERTry this. Type
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THE NUMBER ZERO AND THE LETTER "O"T
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nINSTRUCTOR NOTES 2COLOR AND THE KE
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There are eight colors on the numbe
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OTHER COMMANDS IN PRINT STATEMENTSJ
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LESSON 3 LIST, BOXES IN MEMORYClear
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ADDING A LINEYou can add a new line
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THE DELETE KEYThe DEL key is your "
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INSTRUCTOR NOTES 5 TRICKS WITH PRIN
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RULE: The semicolon makes the invis
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Assignment 5:1- Write a program whi
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LESSON 6THE INPUT COMMANDUse INPUT
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YOU WEAR TWO HATS, USER AND PROGRAM
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LESSON 7THE LET COMMAND, GLUING STR
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GLUING THE STRINGSHere is how to st
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LESSON 8THE GOTO COMMAND AND THE ST
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A CAN OF SPAGHETTILook at this: 10
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Assignment 8:1. Just for practice i
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LESSON 9 THE IF COMMANDClear the me
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JtTHE "NOT EQUAL" SIGNTwo signs:= m
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INSTRUCTOR NOTES 10 INTRODUCING NUM
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The thing which is put into the box
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MIXTURES IN PRINTYou can print numb
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INSTRUCTOR NOTES 11TAB AND DELAY LO
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HOW BIG A SPACE CAN TAB( ) MAKE?The
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INSTRUCTOR NOTES 12 THE IF COMMAND
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AN IF INSIDE AN IFThe "teenager" pr
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2. Here is another program. What wi
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LESSON 13RANDOM NUMBERS AND THE INT
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ROUNDING OFF NUMBERSPerhaps you kno
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INSTRUCTOR NOTES 14SAVING TO TAPEWe
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The computer automatically turned o
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nnr^nnnnnr^nnLOADING A PROGRAM FROM
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5. We are ready to put in the next
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n INSTRUCTOR NOTES 15 SOME SHORTCUT
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AN INPUT SHORTCUTInstead of10 PRINT
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WHEN TO USE THE COLON SHORTCUTUse t
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But if we write this line in a prog
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LESSON 16 MOVING PICTURESMOVING THE
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Line 40 waits for you to see this b
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LESSON 17FOR-NEXT LOOPSRemember the
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LOOP VARIABLESTo make sure that eac
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^ INSTRUCTOR NOTES 18 DATA, READ, R
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STRANGE RULES1. It doesn't matter w
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MIXTURES OF DATAThe DATA statement
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LESSON 19SOUND EFFECTSTurn up the s
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TONES BY THE BUSHELEnter: 10 REM **
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"TM" stands for "timbre." Timbre is
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INSTRUCTOR NOTES 20NAMES, CLOCKS AN
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cAnytimeyou type, the characters ar
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LESSON 21COLOR GRAPHICSADJUST YOUR
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Add these lines to the above progra
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INSTRUCTOR NOTES 22POKEing GRAPHICS
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Try this: Change the number 83 to a
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We can number the streets and house
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n INSTRUCTOR NOTES 23 SECRET WRITIN
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THE COMPUTER ISIMPATIENTThe compute
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^ INSTRUCTOR NOTES 24 PRETTY PROGRA
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Assignment 24A:1. The delay loop is
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Assignment 24B:1. Write a short pro
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LESSON 25 LOGIC: AND, OR, NOTANOTHE
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THE IF COMMAND TELLS LITTLE WHITE L
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THE LOGIC SIGNSYou can use these si
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LESSON 26 SNIPPING STRINGS: LEFTS,
Page 149 and 150: CUTTING A PIECE OUT OF THE MIDDLETh
Page 151 and 152: nnO INSTRUCTOR NOTES 27 SWITCHING N
Page 153 and 154: MAKING NUMBERS INTO STRINGSRun10 RE
Page 155 and 156: Assignment 27:1. Write a program wh
Page 157 and 158: LESSON 28ACTION GAMES AND THE FUNCT
Page 159 and 160: LOOKING IN THE KEYBOARD'S BOXHere i
Page 161 and 162: Run it. It puts a white diamond on
Page 163 and 164: cTHETARGETS ARE HEARTSAdd these lin
Page 165 and 166: LESSON 29MUSICGo back and review th
Page 167 and 168: REGISTER ADDRESSES Base address is
Page 169 and 170: D^ INSTRUCTOR NOTES 30 ARRAYS AND T
Page 171 and 172: The DIM... command tells the comput
Page 173 and 174: 1 REM *** EIGHT QUEENS ***2 GOTO 10
Page 175 and 176: Assignment 30:1. Write a program wh
Page 177 and 178: LESSON 31SPRITES FOR ACTION GRAPHIC
Page 179 and 180: Then use the CRSR keys to move the
Page 181 and 182: MANY SPRITES AT ONCEHere are the bo
Page 183 and 184: WATCH OUT, TWO SPRITES ARE GOING TO
Page 185 and 186: LESSON 32USER FRIENDLY PROGRAMSTher
Page 187 and 188: TIE A STRING AROUND THE USER'S FING
Page 189 and 190: SET TRAPS FOR ERRORSExample: Add th
Page 191 and 192: LESSON 33DEBUGGING, STOP, CONTTHE S
Page 193 and 194: Use the PRINT command to look at va
Page 195 and 196: RESERVED WORDSABSAND ASC ATNCHR$CLR
Page 197 and 198: ells and whistlesA phrase going bac
Page 199: error trapPart of a program which c
Page 203 and 204: emarkA comment you make in the prog
Page 205 and 206: variableA name given to a box in me
Page 207 and 208: FORMULA TOO COMPLEXYou wrote a stri
Page 209 and 210: SYNTAXYou "spelled" the line wrong.
Page 211 and 212: 1 REM A4-310 REM*** SMILE***13 POKE
Page 213 and 214: 1 REM A6-210 REM*** FAVORITE***15 P
Page 215 and 216: ~ 40 INPUT C$1 REM A9B-210 REM ***
Page 217 and 218: ^ 1 REM A11A-210 REM !"#$% INSULTS
Page 219 and 220: 1 REM A12B-410 REM *** PICK A CARD
Page 221 and 222: ^ 1 REM A15-210 REM!!! VACATION!!!r
Page 223 and 224: ■1 REMA17B-510 REM*** OPERA SOPRA
Page 225 and 226: 1 REM A22-110 REM *** COLORED BOX *
Page 227 and 228: 1 REM A24B-1r> 10 REM*** SUBROUTINE
Page 229 and 230: 1 REM A26-210 REM*** ANSWERER***12
Page 231 and 232: 1 REM A27-110 REM *** BACKWARD ***1
Page 233 and 234: 441 FOR l=2 TO LEN(A$]442L1$=MID$(F
Page 235 and 236: INDEX OF TOPICSaddition 59,74ADSR 1
Page 237 and 238: memory 16, 24-26, 45, 59, 81, 83,11
Page 239: nnnnnnonnnOnooonnnnnnnnonnnHnonnOn
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