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uTO THE TEACHERThis book is designed for students in about the 7th grade. It teaches BASIC and thefeatures of the Commodore 64.The lessons contain explanations (including cartoons), examples, exercises and reviewquestions. Notes for the instructor which accompany each lesson summarize the material,provide helpful hints and give good review questions.The book is intended for self study, but may also be used in a classroom setting.I view this book as teaching programming in the broadest sense, using the BASIClanguange, rather than teaching "BASIC." Seymour Papert has pointed out inMINDSTORMS that programming can teach powerful ideas. Among these is the ideathat procedures are entities in themselves. They can be named, broken down intoelementary parts and debugged. Some other concepts include these: "chunking" ideasinto "mind sized bites," organizing such modules in a hierarchial system, looping torepeat modules and conditional testing (the IF...THEN statement).Each concept is tied to everyday experiences of the student through choice of languageto express the idea, through choice of examples and through cartoons. Thus metaphor isutilized in making the "new" material familiar to the student. {Juu10u
n~ ABOUT PROGRAMMINGThere is a common misconception about programming a computer. Many people think^ that ability in mathematics is required. Not so. The childhood activities that computingmost resembles may be playing with building blocks and writing an English composition.Like a block set which has many copies of a few types of blocks, BASIC uses a relatively^ small number of standard commands. Yet the blocks can be formed into a unique and^ imaginative castle and BASIC can be used to write an almost limitless varietyof programs.Like an essay on the theme, "How I Spent My Summer," writing a program involves skillO and planning on all scales. To write a theme, the child organizes her thoughts on severalscales, from the overall topic, to lead and summary paragraphs and sentences, and on^ down to grammar and punctuation in sentences and spelling of words.Creativity in each of these activities — blocks, writing and BASIC — has little scope atf*) the smallest level: individual blocks, words or commands. At best, a small "bag of tricks"is developed. For example, the child may discover that the triangle block, first used toO make roofs, makes splendid fir trees. What is needed at the small scale is accuracy insyntax. <strong>Here</strong> computing is an almost ideal self-paced learning situation, because syntax^ errors are largely discovered and pointed out by the BASIC interpreter as the child^ builds and tests the program.O) At the larger scale, creativity comes into full scope and many other latent abilities of thechild are developed. School skills such as arithmetic and language arts are utilized as^ needed, and thus strengthened. But the strongest features of programming are balanced^between analysis (why doesn't it work as I want) and synthesis (planning on several sizescales, from the program as a whole down through loops and subroutines to individualcommands).r*\ The analytical and synthetical skills learned in programming can be transferred to moregeneral situations and can help the child to a more mature style of thinking and working.nnnnnnnnn
Page 3 and 4: KIDSAND THECOMMODORE 64
Page 5 and 6: KIDSAND THECOMMODORE 64neoartment o
Page 7 and 8: nTABLE OF CONTENTSAcknowledgements
Page 9 and 10: nACKNOWLEDGEMENTS^My sincere thanks
Page 11: nTO THE PARENTSThis book is designe
Page 15 and 16: nn INSTRUCTOR NOTES 1 NEW, PRINT, R
Page 17 and 18: COMMAND THE COMPUTERTry this. Type
Page 19 and 20: THE NUMBER ZERO AND THE LETTER "O"T
Page 21 and 22: nINSTRUCTOR NOTES 2COLOR AND THE KE
Page 23 and 24: There are eight colors on the numbe
Page 25 and 26: OTHER COMMANDS IN PRINT STATEMENTSJ
Page 27 and 28: LESSON 3 LIST, BOXES IN MEMORYClear
Page 29: ADDING A LINEYou can add a new line
Page 35 and 36: THE DELETE KEYThe DEL key is your "
Page 37 and 38: INSTRUCTOR NOTES 5 TRICKS WITH PRIN
Page 39 and 40: RULE: The semicolon makes the invis
Page 41 and 42: Assignment 5:1- Write a program whi
Page 43 and 44: LESSON 6THE INPUT COMMANDUse INPUT
Page 45 and 46: YOU WEAR TWO HATS, USER AND PROGRAM
Page 47 and 48: LESSON 7THE LET COMMAND, GLUING STR
Page 49 and 50: GLUING THE STRINGSHere is how to st
Page 51 and 52: LESSON 8THE GOTO COMMAND AND THE ST
Page 53 and 54: A CAN OF SPAGHETTILook at this: 10
Page 55 and 56: Assignment 8:1. Just for practice i
Page 57 and 58: LESSON 9 THE IF COMMANDClear the me
Page 59 and 60: JtTHE "NOT EQUAL" SIGNTwo signs:= m
Page 61 and 62: INSTRUCTOR NOTES 10 INTRODUCING NUM
Page 63 and 64:
The thing which is put into the box
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MIXTURES IN PRINTYou can print numb
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INSTRUCTOR NOTES 11TAB AND DELAY LO
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HOW BIG A SPACE CAN TAB( ) MAKE?The
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INSTRUCTOR NOTES 12 THE IF COMMAND
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AN IF INSIDE AN IFThe "teenager" pr
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2. Here is another program. What wi
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LESSON 13RANDOM NUMBERS AND THE INT
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ROUNDING OFF NUMBERSPerhaps you kno
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INSTRUCTOR NOTES 14SAVING TO TAPEWe
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The computer automatically turned o
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nnr^nnnnnr^nnLOADING A PROGRAM FROM
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5. We are ready to put in the next
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n INSTRUCTOR NOTES 15 SOME SHORTCUT
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AN INPUT SHORTCUTInstead of10 PRINT
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WHEN TO USE THE COLON SHORTCUTUse t
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But if we write this line in a prog
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LESSON 16 MOVING PICTURESMOVING THE
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Line 40 waits for you to see this b
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LESSON 17FOR-NEXT LOOPSRemember the
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LOOP VARIABLESTo make sure that eac
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^ INSTRUCTOR NOTES 18 DATA, READ, R
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STRANGE RULES1. It doesn't matter w
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MIXTURES OF DATAThe DATA statement
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LESSON 19SOUND EFFECTSTurn up the s
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TONES BY THE BUSHELEnter: 10 REM **
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"TM" stands for "timbre." Timbre is
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INSTRUCTOR NOTES 20NAMES, CLOCKS AN
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cAnytimeyou type, the characters ar
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LESSON 21COLOR GRAPHICSADJUST YOUR
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Add these lines to the above progra
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INSTRUCTOR NOTES 22POKEing GRAPHICS
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Try this: Change the number 83 to a
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We can number the streets and house
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n INSTRUCTOR NOTES 23 SECRET WRITIN
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THE COMPUTER ISIMPATIENTThe compute
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^ INSTRUCTOR NOTES 24 PRETTY PROGRA
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Assignment 24A:1. The delay loop is
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Assignment 24B:1. Write a short pro
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LESSON 25 LOGIC: AND, OR, NOTANOTHE
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THE IF COMMAND TELLS LITTLE WHITE L
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THE LOGIC SIGNSYou can use these si
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LESSON 26 SNIPPING STRINGS: LEFTS,
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CUTTING A PIECE OUT OF THE MIDDLETh
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nnO INSTRUCTOR NOTES 27 SWITCHING N
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MAKING NUMBERS INTO STRINGSRun10 RE
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Assignment 27:1. Write a program wh
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LESSON 28ACTION GAMES AND THE FUNCT
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LOOKING IN THE KEYBOARD'S BOXHere i
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Run it. It puts a white diamond on
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cTHETARGETS ARE HEARTSAdd these lin
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LESSON 29MUSICGo back and review th
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REGISTER ADDRESSES Base address is
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D^ INSTRUCTOR NOTES 30 ARRAYS AND T
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The DIM... command tells the comput
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1 REM *** EIGHT QUEENS ***2 GOTO 10
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Assignment 30:1. Write a program wh
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LESSON 31SPRITES FOR ACTION GRAPHIC
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Then use the CRSR keys to move the
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MANY SPRITES AT ONCEHere are the bo
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WATCH OUT, TWO SPRITES ARE GOING TO
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LESSON 32USER FRIENDLY PROGRAMSTher
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TIE A STRING AROUND THE USER'S FING
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SET TRAPS FOR ERRORSExample: Add th
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LESSON 33DEBUGGING, STOP, CONTTHE S
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Use the PRINT command to look at va
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RESERVED WORDSABSAND ASC ATNCHR$CLR
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ells and whistlesA phrase going bac
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error trapPart of a program which c
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listingA list of all the lines in a
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emarkA comment you make in the prog
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variableA name given to a box in me
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FORMULA TOO COMPLEXYou wrote a stri
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SYNTAXYou "spelled" the line wrong.
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1 REM A4-310 REM*** SMILE***13 POKE
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1 REM A6-210 REM*** FAVORITE***15 P
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~ 40 INPUT C$1 REM A9B-210 REM ***
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^ 1 REM A11A-210 REM !"#$% INSULTS
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1 REM A12B-410 REM *** PICK A CARD
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^ 1 REM A15-210 REM!!! VACATION!!!r
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■1 REMA17B-510 REM*** OPERA SOPRA
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1 REM A22-110 REM *** COLORED BOX *
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1 REM A24B-1r> 10 REM*** SUBROUTINE
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1 REM A26-210 REM*** ANSWERER***12
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1 REM A27-110 REM *** BACKWARD ***1
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441 FOR l=2 TO LEN(A$]442L1$=MID$(F
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INDEX OF TOPICSaddition 59,74ADSR 1
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memory 16, 24-26, 45, 59, 81, 83,11
Page 239:
nnnnnnonnnOnooonnnnnnnnonnnHnonnOn
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