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INSTRUCTOR NOTES 19SOUND EFFECTSJThe 6581 Sound Interface Device (SID) chip in the C-64 produces sound and music. This Qlesson introduces some features of the chip which are useful for making sound effects.Musical applications are covered in a later lesson. \^jThe SID chip is controlled by POKEing numbers into its registers. The chip is versatile ^but fussy to program.Sound is sent to the TV speaker as part of the composite signal. If you use a color ^jmonitor instead, consult the C-64 manual to see the pin-out for sending the sound signalto an amplifier and speaker. \^jThe chip can produce up to three independent voices or sounds at the same time. The ^pitch of each voice is set by POKEing two bytes. This allows very precise intonation, afeature lacking in many other home computers. For example, you can experiment withthe various temperaments of the musical scale.^There are four voices for the wave form of each voice, producing different "timbres" for ^Jthe voices: flute, banjo, etc. One of the choices is "white noise" which is very useful forproducing sound effects (drums, gunfire, thunder, wind, waves, etc.). ^The loudness of the total sound output is set by one POKE, and each voice can beswitched into a programmable filter which modifies its harmonic content, further altering \^jthe timbre.Each voice has a controllable pattern in loudness from start to end. Four numberscontrol the note shape: two for its start (the "attack" followed by a "release") and one ^each for its loudness as it is held (the "sustain" value) and the rapidity with which it ,,decays after turning it off (its "decay"). These ADSR parameters are fully described inthe music lesson.The length of the note is controlled by a delay loop you write into the program, rather Othan by the SID chip. That is, you must start the note with a POKE, then go into atiming loop, and finally stop the note with one or two more POKEs.^jQUESTIONS:^1. What things must you POKE to get a sound? ^2. How do you turn off all the voices at once?3. Why must you be careful of the box number you POKE?4. What number gives the loudest sound?o108
LESSON 19SOUND EFFECTSTurn up the sound on the TV now.POKE SID A FEW TIMESNo, not Sidney. SID is the chip in the computer which makes the sounds and musicalnotes.There are 14 boxes in memory which are right inside the SID chip. POKE tells thecomputer to put a number between 0 and 255 into a memory box.POKE 54273,23 means put number 23 in box 54273The numbers put into the SID chip tell it what kind of a sound to make.JOHNNY ONE NOTEEnter this: 10 REM SID TUNES UP ON "CONCERT A"20 POKE 54273,23 :POKE 54272,18122 POKE 54296,15 :REM VOLUME 1524 POKE 54277,9 :REM ATTACK-DECAY26 POKE 54278,0 :REM SUSTAIN-RELEASE30 POKE 54276,33 :REM TIMBRE, VOICE ON85 FORT=1 TO <strong>1000</strong>:NEXTT90 POKE 54276.32 :REM VOICE OFF91 POKE 54273,0 :REM SOUND OFFSave to tape or disk BEFORE running!109
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KIDSAND THECOMMODORE 64
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KIDSAND THECOMMODORE 64neoartment o
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nTABLE OF CONTENTSAcknowledgements
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nACKNOWLEDGEMENTS^My sincere thanks
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nTO THE PARENTSThis book is designe
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n~ ABOUT PROGRAMMINGThere is a comm
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nn INSTRUCTOR NOTES 1 NEW, PRINT, R
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COMMAND THE COMPUTERTry this. Type
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THE NUMBER ZERO AND THE LETTER "O"T
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nINSTRUCTOR NOTES 2COLOR AND THE KE
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There are eight colors on the numbe
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OTHER COMMANDS IN PRINT STATEMENTSJ
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LESSON 3 LIST, BOXES IN MEMORYClear
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ADDING A LINEYou can add a new line
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THE DELETE KEYThe DEL key is your "
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INSTRUCTOR NOTES 5 TRICKS WITH PRIN
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RULE: The semicolon makes the invis
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Assignment 5:1- Write a program whi
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LESSON 6THE INPUT COMMANDUse INPUT
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YOU WEAR TWO HATS, USER AND PROGRAM
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LESSON 7THE LET COMMAND, GLUING STR
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GLUING THE STRINGSHere is how to st
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LESSON 8THE GOTO COMMAND AND THE ST
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A CAN OF SPAGHETTILook at this: 10
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Assignment 8:1. Just for practice i
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LESSON 9 THE IF COMMANDClear the me
Page 59 and 60: JtTHE "NOT EQUAL" SIGNTwo signs:= m
Page 61 and 62: INSTRUCTOR NOTES 10 INTRODUCING NUM
Page 63 and 64: The thing which is put into the box
Page 65 and 66: MIXTURES IN PRINTYou can print numb
Page 67 and 68: INSTRUCTOR NOTES 11TAB AND DELAY LO
Page 69 and 70: HOW BIG A SPACE CAN TAB( ) MAKE?The
Page 71 and 72: INSTRUCTOR NOTES 12 THE IF COMMAND
Page 73 and 74: AN IF INSIDE AN IFThe "teenager" pr
Page 75 and 76: 2. Here is another program. What wi
Page 77 and 78: LESSON 13RANDOM NUMBERS AND THE INT
Page 79 and 80: ROUNDING OFF NUMBERSPerhaps you kno
Page 81 and 82: INSTRUCTOR NOTES 14SAVING TO TAPEWe
Page 83 and 84: The computer automatically turned o
Page 85 and 86: nnr^nnnnnr^nnLOADING A PROGRAM FROM
Page 87 and 88: 5. We are ready to put in the next
Page 89 and 90: n INSTRUCTOR NOTES 15 SOME SHORTCUT
Page 91 and 92: AN INPUT SHORTCUTInstead of10 PRINT
Page 93 and 94: WHEN TO USE THE COLON SHORTCUTUse t
Page 95 and 96: But if we write this line in a prog
Page 97 and 98: LESSON 16 MOVING PICTURESMOVING THE
Page 99 and 100: Line 40 waits for you to see this b
Page 101 and 102: LESSON 17FOR-NEXT LOOPSRemember the
Page 103 and 104: LOOP VARIABLESTo make sure that eac
Page 105 and 106: ^ INSTRUCTOR NOTES 18 DATA, READ, R
Page 107 and 108: STRANGE RULES1. It doesn't matter w
Page 109: MIXTURES OF DATAThe DATA statement
Page 113 and 114: TONES BY THE BUSHELEnter: 10 REM **
Page 115 and 116: "TM" stands for "timbre." Timbre is
Page 117 and 118: INSTRUCTOR NOTES 20NAMES, CLOCKS AN
Page 119 and 120: cAnytimeyou type, the characters ar
Page 121 and 122: LESSON 21COLOR GRAPHICSADJUST YOUR
Page 123 and 124: Add these lines to the above progra
Page 125 and 126: INSTRUCTOR NOTES 22POKEing GRAPHICS
Page 127 and 128: Try this: Change the number 83 to a
Page 129 and 130: We can number the streets and house
Page 131 and 132: n INSTRUCTOR NOTES 23 SECRET WRITIN
Page 133 and 134: THE COMPUTER ISIMPATIENTThe compute
Page 135 and 136: ^ INSTRUCTOR NOTES 24 PRETTY PROGRA
Page 137 and 138: Assignment 24A:1. The delay loop is
Page 139 and 140: Assignment 24B:1. Write a short pro
Page 141 and 142: LESSON 25 LOGIC: AND, OR, NOTANOTHE
Page 143 and 144: THE IF COMMAND TELLS LITTLE WHITE L
Page 145 and 146: THE LOGIC SIGNSYou can use these si
Page 147 and 148: LESSON 26 SNIPPING STRINGS: LEFTS,
Page 149 and 150: CUTTING A PIECE OUT OF THE MIDDLETh
Page 151 and 152: nnO INSTRUCTOR NOTES 27 SWITCHING N
Page 153 and 154: MAKING NUMBERS INTO STRINGSRun10 RE
Page 155 and 156: Assignment 27:1. Write a program wh
Page 157 and 158: LESSON 28ACTION GAMES AND THE FUNCT
Page 159 and 160: LOOKING IN THE KEYBOARD'S BOXHere i
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Run it. It puts a white diamond on
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cTHETARGETS ARE HEARTSAdd these lin
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LESSON 29MUSICGo back and review th
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REGISTER ADDRESSES Base address is
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D^ INSTRUCTOR NOTES 30 ARRAYS AND T
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The DIM... command tells the comput
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1 REM *** EIGHT QUEENS ***2 GOTO 10
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Assignment 30:1. Write a program wh
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LESSON 31SPRITES FOR ACTION GRAPHIC
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Then use the CRSR keys to move the
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MANY SPRITES AT ONCEHere are the bo
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WATCH OUT, TWO SPRITES ARE GOING TO
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LESSON 32USER FRIENDLY PROGRAMSTher
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TIE A STRING AROUND THE USER'S FING
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SET TRAPS FOR ERRORSExample: Add th
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LESSON 33DEBUGGING, STOP, CONTTHE S
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Use the PRINT command to look at va
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RESERVED WORDSABSAND ASC ATNCHR$CLR
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ells and whistlesA phrase going bac
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error trapPart of a program which c
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listingA list of all the lines in a
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emarkA comment you make in the prog
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variableA name given to a box in me
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FORMULA TOO COMPLEXYou wrote a stri
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SYNTAXYou "spelled" the line wrong.
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1 REM A4-310 REM*** SMILE***13 POKE
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1 REM A6-210 REM*** FAVORITE***15 P
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~ 40 INPUT C$1 REM A9B-210 REM ***
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^ 1 REM A11A-210 REM !"#$% INSULTS
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1 REM A12B-410 REM *** PICK A CARD
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^ 1 REM A15-210 REM!!! VACATION!!!r
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■1 REMA17B-510 REM*** OPERA SOPRA
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1 REM A22-110 REM *** COLORED BOX *
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1 REM A24B-1r> 10 REM*** SUBROUTINE
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1 REM A26-210 REM*** ANSWERER***12
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1 REM A27-110 REM *** BACKWARD ***1
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441 FOR l=2 TO LEN(A$]442L1$=MID$(F
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INDEX OF TOPICSaddition 59,74ADSR 1
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memory 16, 24-26, 45, 59, 81, 83,11
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nnnnnnonnnOnooonnnnnnnnonnnHnonnOn
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