Traffic Management for the Available Bit Rate (ABR) Service in ...

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[52] Raj Jain. Congestion Control and Tra c ManagementinATM Networks: Recent advances and a survey. Computer Networks and ISDN Systems Journal, October 1996. [53] Raj Jain, Sonia Fahmy, Shivkumar Kalyanaraman, Rohit Goyal, and Fang Lu. More Straw-Vote Comments: TBE vs Queue sizes. ATM Forum 95-1661, December 1995. [54] Raj Jain, Shivkumar Kalyanaraman, Sonia Fahmy, and Fang Lu. Out-of-Rate RM Cell Issues and E ect of Trm, TOF, and TCR. ATM Forum 95-973R1, August 1995. [55] Raj Jain, Shivkumar Kalyanaraman, Sonia Fahmy, and Fang Lu. Straw-Vote comments on TM 4.0 R8. ATM Forum 95-1343, October 1995. [56] Raj Jain and Shivkumar Kalyanaraman Ram Viswanathan. `method and apparatus for congestion management in computer networks using explicit rate indication. U. S. Patent application (S/N 307,375), SepJuly 1994. [57] H. Tzeng K. Siu. Intelligent congestion control for abr service in atm networks. Computer Communication Review, 24(5):81{106, October 1995. [58] Lampros Kalampoukas, Anujan Varma, and K.K. Ramakrishnan. An e cient rate allocation algorithm for atm networks providing max-min fairness. In 6th IFIP International Conference on High Performance Networking (HPN), September 1995. [59] Shivkumar Kalyanaraman, Raj Jain, Sonia Fahmy, Rohit Goyal, and Jianping Jiang. Performance of TCP over ABR on ATM backbone and with various VBR tra c patterns. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Communications Conference (ICC), June 1997. [60] Shivkumar Kalyanaraman, Raj Jain, Rohit Goyal, and Sonia Fahmy. A Survey of the Use-It-Or-Lose-It Policies for the ABR Service in ATM Networks. Technical Report OSU-CISRC-1/97-TR02, Dept of CIS, The Ohio State University, 1997. [61] J.B. Kenney. Problems and Suggested Solutions in Core Behavior. ATM Forum 95-0564R1, May 1995. [62] Bo-Kyoung Kim, Byung G. Kim, and Ilyoung Chong. Dynamic Averaging Interval Algorithm for ERICA ABR Control Scheme. ATM Forum 96-0062, February 1996. [63] H. T. Kung. Adaptive Credit Allocation for Flow-Controlled VCs. ATM Forum 94-0282, 1994. 427
[64] H. T. Kung. Flow Controlled Virtual Connections Proposal for ATM Tra c Management. ATM Forum 94-0632R2, September 1994. [65] T.V. Lakshman, P.P. Mishra, and K.K. Ramakrishnan. Transporting compressed video over atm networks with explicit rate feedback control. In Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM, April 1997. [66] L.G.Roberts. Operation of Source Behavior # 5. ATM Forum 95-1641, December 1995. [67] Hongqing Li, Kai-Yeung Siu, Hong-Ti Tzeng, Chinatsu Ikeda, and Hiroshi Suzuki. Tcp over abr and ubr services in atm. In Proceedings of IPCCC'96, March 1996. [68] S. Liu, M. Procanik, T. Chen, V.K. Samalam, and J. Ormond. An analysis of source rule # 5. ATM Forum 95-1545, December 1995. [69] P. Newman. Tra c Management for ATM Local Area Networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 1994. [70] Craig Partridge. Gigabit Networking. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1993. [71] Vern Paxson. Fast Approximation of Self-Similar Network Tra c. Technical Report LBL-36750, Lawrence Berkeley Labs, April 1995. [72] K. K. Ramakrishnan, D. M. Chiu, and R. Jain. Congestion Avoidance in Computer Networks with a Connectionless Network Layer. Part IV: A Selective Binary Feedback Scheme for General Topologies. Technical report, Digital Equipment Corporation, 1987. [73] K.K. Ramakrishnan, P. P. Mishra, and K. W. Fendick. Examination of Alternative Mechanisms for Use-it-or-Lose-it. ATM Forum 95-1599, December 1995. [74] Larry Roberts. Enhanced PRCA (Proportional Rate-Control Algorithm). ATM Forum 94-0735R1, August 1994. [75] Allyn Romanov and Sally Floyd. Dynamics of TCP Tra c over ATM Networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, May 1995. [76] Lucent Technologies. Atlanta chip set, microelectronics group news announcement, http://www.lucent.com/micro/news/032497.html. [77] Christos Tryfonas. MPEG-2 Transport over ATM Networks. Master's thesis, University of California at Santa Cruz, September 1996. [78] International Telecommunications Union. http://www.itu.ch. 428
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Tra c Management for the Available
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ABSTRACT With the merger of telecom
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Tra c Management for the Available
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To my family iv
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VITA April 30, 1971 :::::::::::::::
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2.7 Switch Behavior . . . . . . . .
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5.8 Proof: Fairness Algorithm Impro
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8.15 Factors A ecting Bu ering Requ
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Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . .
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8.12 Maximum Queues for Satellite N
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5.1 Transmitted cell rate (instanta
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6.13 Results foratwo sources con gu
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7.11 E ect of UILI on Medium Bursts
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C.3 Flow Chart of Bi-Directional Co
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header information which limits the
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switches since a standard does not
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congestion control deals with the c
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hand side of the equation is the su
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analyses which are used to validate
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CHAPTER 2 THE ABR TRAFFIC MANAGEMEN
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time (RTT). As we explain later, AB
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feedback from nearby switches to re
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Note that in-rate and out-of-rate d
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Data cells also have an Explicit Fo
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opportunity the source may nd that
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Figure 2.7: Scheduling of forward R
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as the timeout value) which reduces
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It has been incorrectly believed th
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NI CI Action 0 0 ACR Min(ER, ACR +
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Source Rule 13: Sources can optiona
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Switch Rule 1: This rule speci es t
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Observe that the ABR tra c manageme
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complex method like per-VC queuing
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graphs have a steady state with con
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Figure 3.2: Operating point between
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The following example illustrates t
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mention this concept of fairness fo
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control problem was also simpler. S
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of such an occurrence is expected t
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y giving only one feedback per meas
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CHAPTER 4 SURVEY OF ATM SWITCH CONG
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The adaptive FCVC algorithm [63] co
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np. Thus, long path VCs have fewer
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networks like ATM can have complete
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scheme followed by a discussion of
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exibility of decoupling the enforce
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4.6.1 Key Techniques In EPRCA, the
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If the mean ACR is not a good estim
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is the ratio of the input rate to t
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which shares the link equally as al
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proportional to the the unused ABR
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The key technique in the scheme is
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the bandwidth allocations to satis
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4.10 DMRCA scheme The Dynamic Max R
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on its CCR. Further MAX times out i
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other words, a di erent set of para
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A combination of several ideas in a
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4.13 SP-EPRCA scheme The SP-EPRCA s
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RTD and shuts o the source (for sta
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4.14.1 Common Drawbacks Though the
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The ATM Tra c Management standard a
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5.1.1 Control-Cell Format The contr
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The last two elds are used in the b
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Figure 5.3: Flow chart for updating
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LAF in cell Max(LAF in cell, z) The
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the time of departure (instant mark
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the steady state. The system operat
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5.2.3 Use Measured Rather Than Decl
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said about the maximum queue length
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The key problem with some unipolar
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Figure 5.6: Space time diagram show
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As noted, these heuristics do not g
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Transmitted Cell Rate ABR Queue Len
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4. The RM cell contains a timestamp
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1. The source o ered average cell r
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Transmitted Cell Rate Link Utilizat
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Figure 5.17: The parking lot fairne
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Figure 5.19: Network con guration w
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5.8 Proof: Fairness Algorithm Impro
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Region 2: y s and x s and U(1 + ) x
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eing divided into eight non-overlap
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Proof for Region 2 Triangular regio
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have: and y 0 = y(1 ; ) z x + y 0 =
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The OSU scheme is, therefore, incom
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workloads, where input load and cap
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(a) Regions used to prove Claim C1
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6.1 The Basic ERICA Algorithm The s
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A ow chart of the basic algorithm i
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efore competing sources can receive
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that the latest CCR information is
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the CCR value may not be an accurat
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(Target Utilization) (Link Bandwidt
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ABR Capacity Input Rate Overload Fa
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of arithmetic averaging used above.
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level of control. These parameters
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6.14 ERICA+: Queue Length as a Seco
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6.16 ERICA+: Maintain a \Pocket" of
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hence, introduces a new parameter,
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Figure 6.4: Linear functions for ER
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and Figure 6.6: The queue control f
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small averaging intervals. If the a
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The maximum value of T 0 also depen
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6.22 Performance Evaluation of the
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espectively. The target delay T 0 i
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6.22.4 Fairness Figure 6.9: Parking
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st link, VC 15 is limited to a thro
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From the gures, it is clear that ER
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counts the bursty source as active
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6.23 Summary of the ERICA and ERICA
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(a) Transmitted Cell Rate (c) Link
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(a) Transmitted Cell Rate (basic ER
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RM cells. In this chapter, we devot
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low. This tradeo was discovered and
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in the speci cation. b) ACR shall n
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7.1.6 December 1995 Proposals There
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Figure 7.2: Multiplicative vsAdditi
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is never triggered. However, the PR
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simulation results of bursty source
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1. The time-based proposal also ind
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The switch maintains a local alloca
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PNI = f0, 1g : f1 ) No rule 5b, 0 )
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after reaching the goal. The time-b
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Figure 7.8: Closed-Loop Bursty Tra
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The algorithm measures the load and
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Medium Bursts Medium bursts are exp
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count-based technique may be insu c
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Figure 7.13: An event trace illustr
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CHAPTER 8 SUPPORTING INTERNET APPLI
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u ering which does not depend upon
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4 make it to the destination are ar
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Figure 8.3: At the ATM layer, the T
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issues and e ect of bursty applicat
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from the loss and they trigger the
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8.8 Performance Metrics We measure
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the performance is fair. Also, the
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Figure 8.7(b) shows the rates (ACRs
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Window Size in bytes vfive-tcp/opti
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The e ect of large bu ers on CLR is
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8.13 Summary of TCP/IP performance
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Feedback delay: Twice the delay fro
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on a link, two cells are expected a
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state only after the switch algorit
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queue length is less susceptible to
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to equalize rates for fairness, and
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QB = Link bandwidth (RT T ; T ) and
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u ered at the end-system, and not i
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Part b): When ABR load goes away, t
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All our simulations presented use t
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Averaging RTT(ms) Feedback Max Q Th
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a modi ed version of the ERICA algo
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ABR is better than UBR in these (en
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problems. During the ON time, the V
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hand, the frequency of the VBR is h
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like ERICA+ which uses the queueing
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minimum fairshare is low. This may
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8.17 E ect of Long-Range Dependent
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terminology) are called \Presentati
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The key point is that the MPEG-2 ra
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the MPEG-2 Transport Stream, and st
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8.17.4 Observations on the Long-Ran
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For the video sources, we choose me
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Video Sources ABR Metrics # Mean St
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However, with modi cations to ERICA
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Video Sources ABR Metrics # Avg Src
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Video Sources ABR Metrics # Avg Src
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On the other hand, if the applicati
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of managing bu ers, queueing, sched
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hence control the total load on the
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call such a switch a \VS/VD switch"
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Figure 9.2: Per-class queues in a n
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which arises is where the rate calc
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9.2 The ERICA Switch Scheme: Renota
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The unknowns in the above equations
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Figure 9.9: Two methods to measure
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9.4 VS/VD Switch Design Options 9.4
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# VC Rate VC Input Rate Input Rate
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8 uses source rate measurement, we
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The allocated rate update and the e
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sources in chapter 6. We expect the
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con guration mentioned in the table
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can be very di erent for di erent V
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CHAPTER 10 IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES At
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With an enhanced UBR service, appli
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2. Some switch schemes have a proce
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4. Large legacy switches have a pro
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section 9. Further, WAN switches wo
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CHAPTER 11 SUMMARY AND FUTURE WORK
Page 403 and 404: good transient performance. Since r
Page 405 and 406: variant background tra c conditions
Page 407 and 408: APPENDIX A SOURCE, DESTINATION AND
Page 409 and 410: 7. After following behaviors #5 and
Page 411 and 412: set the QL and SN elds to zero, pre
Page 413 and 414: d) VS/VD Control: The switch may se
Page 415 and 416: 5. Setting of other parameters at V
Page 417 and 418: 4. The averaging interval timer exp
Page 419 and 420: 1. Initialization: Target Cell Rate
Page 421 and 422: THEN IF (OCR In Cell Fair Share Rat
Page 423 and 424: APPENDIX C ERICA SWITCH ALGORITHM:
Page 425 and 426: Number Active VCs In Last Interval
Page 427 and 428: IF (NOT(Averaging VCs Option)) THEN
Page 429 and 430: IF (Load Factor = In nity) THEN Loa
Page 431 and 432: ; (Contribution[VC] = Decay Factor)
Page 433 and 434: Name Explanation Flow Chart (FC) or
Page 435 and 436: Figure C.2: Flow Chart for Achievin
Page 437 and 438: Figure C.4: Flow Chart of averaging
Page 439 and 440: Figure C.6: Flow chart of averaging
Page 441 and 442: C.3 Pseudocode for VS/VD Design Opt
Page 443 and 444: (* | Bottleneck rate of next loop |
Page 445 and 446: Follow SESRules 1-4 (see appendix A
Page 447 and 448: CRM - Missing RM-cell Count DIR bit
Page 449 and 450: TUB -Target Utilization Band Trm -
Page 451 and 452: [12] J. Bennett and G. Tom Des Jard
Page 453: [38] M. Grossglauser, S.Keshav, and
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