Traffic Management for the Available Bit Rate (ABR) Service in ...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] Santosh P. Abraham and Anurag Kumar. Max-Min Fair Rate Control of ABR Connections with Nonzero MCRs. IISc Technical Report, 1997. [2] Yehuda Afek, Yishay Mansour, and Zvi Ostfeld. Convergence Complexity of Optimistic Rate Based Flow Control Algorithms. In 28th Annual Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC), pages 89{98, 1996. [3] Yehuda Afek, Yishay Mansour, and Zvi Ostfeld. Phantom: A Simple and Effective Flow Control Scheme. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM, pages 169{182, August 1996. [4] Anthony Alles. ATM Internetworking. White paper, Cisco Systems, http://www.cisco.com, May 1995. [5] G.J. Armitage and K.M. Adams. ATM Adaptation Layer Packet Reassembly during Cell Loss. IEEE Network Magazine, September 1993. [6] Ambalavanar Arulambalam, Xiaoqiang Chen, and Nirwan Ansari. Allocating Fair Rates for Available Bit Rate Service in ATM Networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 34(11):92{100, November 1996. [7] A.W.Barnhart. Changes Required to the Speci cation of Source Behavior. ATM Forum 95-0193, February 1995. [8] A.W.Barnhart. Evaluation and Proposed Solutions for Source Behavior # 5. ATM Forum 95-1614, December 1995. [9] A. W. Barnhart. Use of the Extended PRCA with Various Switch Mechanisms. ATM Forum 94-0898, 1994. [10] A. W. Barnhart. Example Switch Algorithm for TM Spec. ATM Forum 95-0195, February 1995. [11] J. Bennett, K. Fendick, K.K. Ramakrishnan, and F. Bonomi. RPC Behavior as it Relates to Source Behavior 5. ATM Forum 95-0568R1, May 1995. 423
[12] J. Bennett and G. Tom Des Jardins. Comments on the July PRCA Rate Control Baseline. ATM Forum 94-0682, July 1994. [13] J. Beran, R. Sherman, M. Taqqu, and W. Willinger. Long-Range Dependence in Variable-Bit-Rate Video Tra c. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 43(2/3/4), February/March/April 1995. [14] U. Black. ATM: Foundation for Broadband Networks. Prentice Hall, New York, 1995. [15] D. Cavendish, S. Mascolo, and M. Gerla. SP-EPRCA: an ATM Rate Based Congestion Control Scheme basedon a Smith Predictor. Technical report, UCLA, 1997. [16] A. Charny, G. Leeb, and M. Clarke. Some Observations on Source Behavior 5 of the Tra c Management Speci cation. ATM Forum 95-0976R1, August 1995. [17] Anna Charny. An Algorithm for Rate Allocation in a Cell-Switching Network with Feedback. Master's thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, May 1994. [18] Anna Charny, David D. Clark, and Raj Jain. Congestion control with explicit rate indication. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Communications Conference (ICC), June 1995. [19] D. Chiu and R. Jain. Analysis of the Increase/Decrease Algorithms for Congestion Avoidance in Computer Networks. Journal of Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 1989. [20] Fabio M. Chiussi, Ye Xia, and Vijay P. Kumar. Dynamic max rate control algorithm for available bit rate service in atm networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE GLOBECOM, volume 3, pages 2108{2117, November 1996. [21] D.P.Heyman and T.V. Lakshman. What are the implications of Long-Range Dependence for VBR-Video Tra c Engineering ? ACM/IEEE Transactions on Networking, 4(3):101{113, June 1996. [22] Harry J.R. Dutton and Peter Lenhard. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Technical Overview. Prentice Hall, New York, 2nd edition, 1995. [23] H. Eriksson. MBONE: the multicast backbone. Communications of the ACM, 37(8):54{60, August 1994. [24] J. Scott et al. Link by Link, Per VC Credit Based Flow Control. ATM Forum 94-0168, 1994. 424
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Tra c Management for the Available
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ABSTRACT With the merger of telecom
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Tra c Management for the Available
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To my family iv
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VITA April 30, 1971 :::::::::::::::
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2.7 Switch Behavior . . . . . . . .
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5.8 Proof: Fairness Algorithm Impro
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8.15 Factors A ecting Bu ering Requ
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Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . .
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8.12 Maximum Queues for Satellite N
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5.1 Transmitted cell rate (instanta
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6.13 Results foratwo sources con gu
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7.11 E ect of UILI on Medium Bursts
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C.3 Flow Chart of Bi-Directional Co
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header information which limits the
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switches since a standard does not
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congestion control deals with the c
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hand side of the equation is the su
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analyses which are used to validate
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CHAPTER 2 THE ABR TRAFFIC MANAGEMEN
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time (RTT). As we explain later, AB
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feedback from nearby switches to re
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Note that in-rate and out-of-rate d
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Data cells also have an Explicit Fo
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opportunity the source may nd that
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Figure 2.7: Scheduling of forward R
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as the timeout value) which reduces
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It has been incorrectly believed th
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NI CI Action 0 0 ACR Min(ER, ACR +
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Source Rule 13: Sources can optiona
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Switch Rule 1: This rule speci es t
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Observe that the ABR tra c manageme
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complex method like per-VC queuing
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graphs have a steady state with con
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Figure 3.2: Operating point between
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The following example illustrates t
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mention this concept of fairness fo
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control problem was also simpler. S
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of such an occurrence is expected t
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y giving only one feedback per meas
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CHAPTER 4 SURVEY OF ATM SWITCH CONG
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The adaptive FCVC algorithm [63] co
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np. Thus, long path VCs have fewer
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networks like ATM can have complete
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scheme followed by a discussion of
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exibility of decoupling the enforce
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4.6.1 Key Techniques In EPRCA, the
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If the mean ACR is not a good estim
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is the ratio of the input rate to t
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which shares the link equally as al
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proportional to the the unused ABR
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The key technique in the scheme is
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the bandwidth allocations to satis
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4.10 DMRCA scheme The Dynamic Max R
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on its CCR. Further MAX times out i
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other words, a di erent set of para
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A combination of several ideas in a
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4.13 SP-EPRCA scheme The SP-EPRCA s
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RTD and shuts o the source (for sta
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4.14.1 Common Drawbacks Though the
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The ATM Tra c Management standard a
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5.1.1 Control-Cell Format The contr
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The last two elds are used in the b
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Figure 5.3: Flow chart for updating
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LAF in cell Max(LAF in cell, z) The
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the time of departure (instant mark
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the steady state. The system operat
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5.2.3 Use Measured Rather Than Decl
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said about the maximum queue length
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The key problem with some unipolar
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Figure 5.6: Space time diagram show
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As noted, these heuristics do not g
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Transmitted Cell Rate ABR Queue Len
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4. The RM cell contains a timestamp
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1. The source o ered average cell r
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Transmitted Cell Rate Link Utilizat
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Figure 5.17: The parking lot fairne
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Figure 5.19: Network con guration w
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5.8 Proof: Fairness Algorithm Impro
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Region 2: y s and x s and U(1 + ) x
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eing divided into eight non-overlap
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Proof for Region 2 Triangular regio
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have: and y 0 = y(1 ; ) z x + y 0 =
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The OSU scheme is, therefore, incom
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workloads, where input load and cap
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(a) Regions used to prove Claim C1
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6.1 The Basic ERICA Algorithm The s
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A ow chart of the basic algorithm i
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efore competing sources can receive
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that the latest CCR information is
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the CCR value may not be an accurat
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(Target Utilization) (Link Bandwidt
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ABR Capacity Input Rate Overload Fa
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of arithmetic averaging used above.
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level of control. These parameters
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6.14 ERICA+: Queue Length as a Seco
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6.16 ERICA+: Maintain a \Pocket" of
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hence, introduces a new parameter,
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Figure 6.4: Linear functions for ER
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and Figure 6.6: The queue control f
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small averaging intervals. If the a
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The maximum value of T 0 also depen
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6.22 Performance Evaluation of the
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espectively. The target delay T 0 i
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6.22.4 Fairness Figure 6.9: Parking
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st link, VC 15 is limited to a thro
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From the gures, it is clear that ER
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counts the bursty source as active
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6.23 Summary of the ERICA and ERICA
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(a) Transmitted Cell Rate (c) Link
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(a) Transmitted Cell Rate (basic ER
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RM cells. In this chapter, we devot
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low. This tradeo was discovered and
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in the speci cation. b) ACR shall n
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7.1.6 December 1995 Proposals There
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Figure 7.2: Multiplicative vsAdditi
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is never triggered. However, the PR
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simulation results of bursty source
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1. The time-based proposal also ind
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The switch maintains a local alloca
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PNI = f0, 1g : f1 ) No rule 5b, 0 )
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after reaching the goal. The time-b
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Figure 7.8: Closed-Loop Bursty Tra
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The algorithm measures the load and
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Medium Bursts Medium bursts are exp
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count-based technique may be insu c
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Figure 7.13: An event trace illustr
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CHAPTER 8 SUPPORTING INTERNET APPLI
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u ering which does not depend upon
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4 make it to the destination are ar
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Figure 8.3: At the ATM layer, the T
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issues and e ect of bursty applicat
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from the loss and they trigger the
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8.8 Performance Metrics We measure
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the performance is fair. Also, the
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Figure 8.7(b) shows the rates (ACRs
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Window Size in bytes vfive-tcp/opti
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The e ect of large bu ers on CLR is
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8.13 Summary of TCP/IP performance
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Feedback delay: Twice the delay fro
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on a link, two cells are expected a
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state only after the switch algorit
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queue length is less susceptible to
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to equalize rates for fairness, and
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QB = Link bandwidth (RT T ; T ) and
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u ered at the end-system, and not i
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Part b): When ABR load goes away, t
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All our simulations presented use t
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Averaging RTT(ms) Feedback Max Q Th
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a modi ed version of the ERICA algo
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ABR is better than UBR in these (en
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problems. During the ON time, the V
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hand, the frequency of the VBR is h
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like ERICA+ which uses the queueing
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minimum fairshare is low. This may
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8.17 E ect of Long-Range Dependent
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terminology) are called \Presentati
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The key point is that the MPEG-2 ra
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the MPEG-2 Transport Stream, and st
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8.17.4 Observations on the Long-Ran
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For the video sources, we choose me
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Video Sources ABR Metrics # Mean St
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However, with modi cations to ERICA
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Video Sources ABR Metrics # Avg Src
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Video Sources ABR Metrics # Avg Src
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On the other hand, if the applicati
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of managing bu ers, queueing, sched
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hence control the total load on the
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call such a switch a \VS/VD switch"
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Figure 9.2: Per-class queues in a n
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which arises is where the rate calc
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9.2 The ERICA Switch Scheme: Renota
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The unknowns in the above equations
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Figure 9.9: Two methods to measure
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9.4 VS/VD Switch Design Options 9.4
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# VC Rate VC Input Rate Input Rate
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8 uses source rate measurement, we
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The allocated rate update and the e
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sources in chapter 6. We expect the
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con guration mentioned in the table
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can be very di erent for di erent V
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CHAPTER 10 IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES At
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With an enhanced UBR service, appli
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2. Some switch schemes have a proce
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4. Large legacy switches have a pro
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Page 401 and 402: CHAPTER 11 SUMMARY AND FUTURE WORK
Page 403 and 404: good transient performance. Since r
Page 405 and 406: variant background tra c conditions
Page 407 and 408: APPENDIX A SOURCE, DESTINATION AND
Page 409 and 410: 7. After following behaviors #5 and
Page 411 and 412: set the QL and SN elds to zero, pre
Page 413 and 414: d) VS/VD Control: The switch may se
Page 415 and 416: 5. Setting of other parameters at V
Page 417 and 418: 4. The averaging interval timer exp
Page 419 and 420: 1. Initialization: Target Cell Rate
Page 421 and 422: THEN IF (OCR In Cell Fair Share Rat
Page 423 and 424: APPENDIX C ERICA SWITCH ALGORITHM:
Page 425 and 426: Number Active VCs In Last Interval
Page 427 and 428: IF (NOT(Averaging VCs Option)) THEN
Page 429 and 430: IF (Load Factor = In nity) THEN Loa
Page 431 and 432: ; (Contribution[VC] = Decay Factor)
Page 433 and 434: Name Explanation Flow Chart (FC) or
Page 435 and 436: Figure C.2: Flow Chart for Achievin
Page 437 and 438: Figure C.4: Flow Chart of averaging
Page 439 and 440: Figure C.6: Flow chart of averaging
Page 441 and 442: C.3 Pseudocode for VS/VD Design Opt
Page 443 and 444: (* | Bottleneck rate of next loop |
Page 445 and 446: Follow SESRules 1-4 (see appendix A
Page 447 and 448: CRM - Missing RM-cell Count DIR bit
Page 449: TUB -Target Utilization Band Trm -
Page 453 and 454: [38] M. Grossglauser, S.Keshav, and
Page 455 and 456: [64] H. T. Kung. Flow Controlled Vi
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