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M. Bersanelli et al.: Planck pre-launch status: Design and description of the Low Frequency InstrumentReferencesArtal, E., Aja, B., L. de la Fuente, M., et al. 2009, JINST, 4, T12003Battaglia, P., Bersanelli, M., Butler, R., et al. 2009, JINST, 4, T12014Bersanelli, M., & Mandolesi, N. 2000, Astroph. Lett. Commun., 37, 171Bersanelli, M., Bouchet, F., Efstathiou, G., et al. 1996a, Report on Phase A Studyof COBRAS/SAMBA, ESA publ. ESA D/SCI (96)Bersanelli, M., Mandolesi, N., Cesarsky, C., et al. 1996b, Astrophys. Lett.Commun., 33, 19Bhandari, P., Prina, M., Bowman, R. C., et al. 2004, Cryogenics, 44, 395Blum, E. 1959, Ann. Astrophys., 22(2), 140Burigana, C., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., et al. 1998, A&AS, 130, 551Burigana, C., Maino, D., Górski, K. 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A., Norgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Ade, P. A. R., et al. 2010b, A&A, 520,A2Tomasi, M., Cappellini, B., Gregorio, A., et al. 2010, JINST, 5, T01002Valenziano, L., Cuttaia, F., De Rosa, A., et al. 2009, JINST, 4, T12006Varis, J., Hughes, N., Laaninen, M., et al. 2009, JINST, 4, T12001Villa, F., Sandri, M., Mandolesi, N., et al. 2002, Exp. Astron., 14, 1Villa, F., D’Arcangelo, O., Pagana, E., et al. 2009a, JINST, 4, T12005Villa, F., D’Arcangelo, O., Pecora, M., et al. 2009b, JINST, 4, T12004Villa, F., Terenzi, L., Sandri, M., et al. 2010, A&A, 520, A6Wade, L., Bhandari, P., Bowman, J. R., et al. 2000, in Advances in CryogenicEngineering, ed. Q.-S. Shu, et al. (New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum),45A, 499Zacchei, A., Frailis, M., Maris, M., et al. 2009, JINST, 4, T12019Zonca, A., Franceschet, C., Battaglia, P., et al. 2009, JINST, 4, T120101 Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, viaCeloria 16, 20133 Milano, Italye-mail: marco.bersanelli@unimi.it2 INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, viaBassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy3 INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, via P.Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy4 Universidad de Cantabria, Departamento de Ingenieria deComunicaciones, Av. de Los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain5 Thales Alenia Space Italia S.p.A., S.S. Padana Superiore 290, 20090Vimodrone, Milano, Italy6 SISSA/ISAS, Astrophysics Sector, Via Beirut 4, 34014 Trieste, Italy7 CESR, Centre d’Étude Spatiale des Rayonnements, 9 Av. duColonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France8 Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria, CSIC, Universidad de Cantabria,Av. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain9 Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, TheUniversity of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK10 Herschel/Planck Project, Scientific Projects Dpt of ESA, Keplerlaan1, 2200 AG, Noordwijk, The Netherlands11 Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, CNR, via Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano,Italy12 ASI, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, viale Liegi, 26, 00198 Roma, Italy13 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata,via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy14 INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolodell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy15 INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via Tiepolo, 11, 34143Trieste, Italy16 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA17 Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, C/ via Lactea s/n, 38200La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain18 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, viaA. Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy19 DA-Design Oy, Keskuskatu 29, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland20 Ylinen Electronics Oy, Teollisuustie 9A, 02700 Kauniainen, Finland21 Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara,CA 93106, USA22 Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO Box1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway23 INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo Enrico Fermi 5,50125 Firenze, Italy24 Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA 19041,USA25 National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Rd,Charlottesville, VA 22903-2475, USA26 University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, PO Box 64, 00014Helsinki, Finland27 Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64,00014, Finland28 Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Helsinki University of Technology,Metsähovintie 114, 02540, Kylmälä, Finland29 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road,Berkeley, CA 94720, USA30 European Space Agency (ESA), Astrophysics Division, Keplerlaan1, 2201AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands31 MilliLab, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, PO Box 1000,02044 VTT, Finland32 MPA Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str.1, 85741 Garching, GermanyPage 21 of 21
A&A 520, A5 (2010)DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/200912849c○ ESO 2010Pre-launch status of the Planck missionAstronomy&AstrophysicsSpecial featurePlanck pre-launch status: Low Frequency Instrument calibrationand expected scientific performanceA. Mennella 1 ,M.Bersanelli 1 ,R.C.Butler 2 ,F.Cuttaia 2 ,O.D’Arcangelo 3 ,R.J.Davis 4 ,M.Frailis 5 ,S.Galeotta 5 ,A. Gregorio 6 ,C.R.Lawrence 7 ,R.Leonardi 8 ,S.R.Lowe 4 ,N.Mandolesi 2 ,M.Maris 5 ,P.Meinhold 8 ,L.Mendes 9 ,G. Morgante 2 ,M.Sandri 2 ,L.Stringhetti 2 ,L.Terenzi 2 ,M.Tomasi 1 ,L.Valenziano 2 ,F.Villa 2 ,A.Zacchei 5 ,A.Zonca 10 ,M. Balasini 11 ,C.Franceschet 1 ,P.Battaglia 11 ,P.M.Lapolla 11 ,P.Leutenegger 11 ,M.Miccolis 11 ,L.Pagan 11 ,R. Silvestri 11 ,B.Aja 12 ,E.Artal 12 ,G.Baldan 11 ,P.Bastia 11 ,T.Bernardino 13 ,L.Boschini 11 ,G.Cafagna 11 ,B. Cappellini 10 ,F.Cavaliere 1 ,F.Colombo 11 ,L.deLaFuente 12 ,J.Edgeley 4 ,M.C.Falvella 14 ,F.Ferrari 11 ,S.Fogliani 5 ,E. Franceschi 2 ,T.Gaier 7 ,F.Gomez 15 ,J.M.Herreros 15 ,S.Hildebrandt 15 ,R.Hoyland 15 ,N.Hughes 16 ,P.Jukkala 16 ,D. Kettle 4 ,M.Laaninen 17 ,D.Lawson 4 ,P.Leahy 4 ,S.Levin 15 ,P.B.Lilje 18 ,D.Maino 1 ,M.Malaspina 2 ,P.Manzato 5 ,J. Marti-Canales 19 ,E.Martinez-Gonzalez 13 ,A.Mediavilla 12 ,F.Pasian 5 ,J.P.Pascual 12 ,M.Pecora 11 ,L. Peres-Cuevas 20 ,P.Platania 3 ,M.Pospieszalsky 21 ,T.Poutanen 22,23,24 ,R.Rebolo 16 ,N.Roddis 4 ,M.Salmon 13 ,M. Seiffert 7 ,A.Simonetto 3 ,C.Sozzi 3 ,J.Tauber 20 ,J.Tuovinen 25 ,J.Varis 25 ,A.Wilkinson 4 ,andF.Winder 41 Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italye-mail: aniello.mennella@fisica.unimi.it2 INAF-IASF – Sezione di Bologna, via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy3 CNR – Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, via Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy4 Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK5 INAf – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy6 Università degli Studi di Trieste, Dipartimento di Fisica, via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy7 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA8 University of California at Santa Barbara, Physics Department, Santa Barbara CA 93106-9530, USA9 Planck Science Office, European Space Agency, ESAC, PO box 78, 28691 Villanueva de la Caada, Madrid, Spain10 INAF-IASF – Sezione di Milano, via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy11 Thales Alenia Space Italia, S.S Padana Superiore 290, 20090 Vimodrone (Milano), Italy12 Departamento de Ingeniera de Comunicaciones, Universidad de Cantabria, Avenida De Los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain13 Instituto de Fisica De Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad de Cantabria,Avenida De Los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain14 Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Viale Liegi 26, 00198 Roma, Italy15 Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, vía Láctea, 38200 La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain16 DA-Design Oy, Keskuskatu 29, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland17 Ylinen Electronics Oy, Teollisuustie 9 A, 02700 Kauniainen, Finland18 Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway19 Joint ALMA Observatory, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile20 Research and Scientific Support Dpt, European Space Agency, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands21 National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville VA 22903-2475, USA22 University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, PO Box 64 (Gustaf Hllstrmin katu 2a), 00014 Helsinki, Finland23 Helsinki Institute of Physics, PO Box 64 (Gustaf Hllstrmin katu 2a), 00014 Helsinki, Finland24 Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Helsinki University of Technology, Metshovintie 114 02540 Kylmälä, Finland25 MilliLab, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 3, Otaniemi, Espoo, FinlandReceived 8 July 2009 / Accepted 12 January 2010ABSTRACTWe present the calibration and scientific performance parameters of the Planck Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) measured duringthe ground cryogenic test campaign. These parameters characterise the instrument response and constitute our optimal pre-launchknowledge of the LFI scientific performance. The LFI shows excellent 1/ f stability and rejection of instrumental systematic effects;its measured noise performance shows that LFI is the most sensitive instrument of its kind. The calibration parameters will be updatedduring flight operations until the end of the mission.Key words. cosmic microwave background – telescopes – space vehicles: instruments – instrumentation: detectors –instrumentation: polarimeters – submillimeter: generalPage 1 of 16
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A&A 520, E1 (2010)DOI: 10.1051/0004
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ABSTRACTThe European Space Agency
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A&A 520, A1 (2010)Fig. 2. An artist
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A&A 520, A1 (2010)Table 4. Summary
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A&A 520, A1 (2010)three frequency c
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A&A 520, A1 (2010)Fig. 12. The left
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A&A 520, A1 (2010)flux limit of the
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A&A 520, A1 (2010)- University of C
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A&A 520, A1 (2010)57 Instituto de A
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Table 3. Predicted in-flight main b
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A&A 520, A2 (2010)materials. Theref
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unmodelled long-timescale thermally
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A&A 520, A8 (2010)Fig. 5. Polarisat
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A&A 520, A8 (2010)where S stands fo
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stored in the LFI instrument model,
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A&A 520, A8 (2010)Table 5. Statisti
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A&A 520, A8 (2010)comparable in siz
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A&A 520, A8 (2010)Table B.1. Main b
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A&A 520, A8 (2010)Bond, J. R., Jaff
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A&A 520, A9 (2010)20 Laboratoire de
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A&A 520, A10 (2010)based on the the
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A&A 520, A10 (2010)217-5a channel:
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A&A 520, A10 (2010)10 -310 -495-The
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P. A. R. Ade et al.: Planck pre-lau
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A&A 520, A12 (2010)Table 1. Summary
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arrangement was also constrained by
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C. Rosset et al.: Planck-HFI: polar
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of frequencies and shown to have po
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