N. Mandolesi et al.: The <strong>Planck</strong>-LFI programmeone week of nominal operations (SOVT1 – system operationvalidation test; Keck 2008) and,duringtheSOVT2,oneweekof the commissioning performance verification (CPV) phase.During these tests, it was demonstrated that the LFI Level 1 isable to deal with the telemetry as it would be acquired duringoperations.Tests performed on Level 2 and Level 3 were more scienceorientedto demonstrate the scientific adequacy of the LFI DPCpipeline, i.e., its ability to produce scientific results commensuratewith the objectives of the <strong>Planck</strong> mission. These testswere based on blind simulations of growing complexity. ThePhase 1 test data, produced with Level S, featured some simplifyingapproximations:– the sky model was based on the “concordance model”CMB (no non-Gaussianity);– the dipole did not include modulations due to the Lissajousorbit around L2;– Galactic emission was obtained assuming non-spatiallyvarying spectral index;– the detector model was “ideal”anddidnotvarywithtime;– the scanning strategy was “ideal” (i.e., no gaps in the data).The results of this test were in line with the objectives of themission (see Perrotta & Maino 2007)).The Phase 2 tests are still ongoing. They take into accountmore realistic simulations with all the known systematics andknown problems (e.g., gaps) in the data.7. <strong>Pre</strong>-launch statusWe have provided an overview of the LFI programme and ofits organization within the ESA <strong>Planck</strong> mission. After a briefdescription of the <strong>Planck</strong> main properties and observationalstrategy, the main scientific goals have been presented, rangingfrom fundamental cosmology to Galactic and extragalacticastrophysics by focusing on those more relevant to LFI. TheLFI design and development have been outlined, together withthe model philosophy and testing strategy. The LFI approachto on-ground and in-flight calibration and the LFI ground segmenthave been described. We have reported on the data analysispipeline that has been successfully tested.Ground testing shows that the LFI operates as anticipated.The observational program will begin after the <strong>Planck</strong>/Herschellaunch on May 14th, 2009.Achallengingcommissioningandfinalcalibrationphasewill prepare the LFI for nominal operations that will start about90 days after launch. After ∼20 days, the instrument will beswitched on and its functionality will be tested in parallel withthe cooling of the 20 K stage. Then the cooling period of the HFIfocal plane to 4 K will be used by the LFI to tune voltage biasesof the front end amplifiers, phase switches, and REBA parameters,which will set the final scientific performance of the instrument.Final tunings and calibration will be performed in parallelwith HFI activities for about 25 days until the last in-flight calibrationphase, the so-called “first light survey”. This will involve14 days of data acquisition in nominal mode that will benchmarkthe whole system, from satellite and instruments to data transmission,ground segment, and data processing levels.The first light survey will produce the very first <strong>Planck</strong> maps.This will not be designed for scientific exploitation but willrather serve as a final test of the instrumental and data processingcapabilities of the mission. After this, the <strong>Planck</strong> scientificoperations will begin.Note that at the time of publishing this article, <strong>Planck</strong> waslaunched successfully with Herschel on May 14th, 2009, and ithas completed its first full sky survey as foreseen.Acknowledgements. <strong>Planck</strong> is a project of the European Space Agency withinstruments funded by ESA member states, and with special contributionsfrom Denmark and NASA (USA). The <strong>Planck</strong>-LFI project is developed by anInternational Consortium led by Italy and involving Canada, Finland, Germany,Norway, Spain, Switzerland, UK and USA. The Italian contribution to <strong>Planck</strong>is supported by the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) and INAF. We also wishto thank the many people of the Herschel/<strong>Planck</strong> Project and RSSD of ESA,ASI, THALES Alenia Space Industries and the LFI Consortium that havecontributed to the realization of LFI. WearegratefultoourHFIcolleaguesfor such a fruitful collaboration during somanyyearsofcommonwork.TheGerman participation at the Max-<strong>Planck</strong>-Institut für Astrophysik is funded bythe Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie through the Raumfahrt-Agentur of the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) [FKZ: 50OP 0901] and by the Max-<strong>Planck</strong>-Gesellschaft (MPG). The Finnish contributionis supported by the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation(Tekes) and the Academy of Finland. The Spanish participation is funded byMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovacion through the project ESP2004-07067-C03and AYA2007-68058-C03. The UK contribution is supported by the Science andTechnology Facilities Council (STFC). C. Baccigalupi and F. Perrotta acknowledgepartial support of the NASA LTSA Grant NNG04CG90G. We acknowledgethe use of the BCX cluster at CINECA under the agreement INAF/CINECA. Weacknowledge the use of the Legacy Archive for Microwave Background DataAnalysis (LAMBDA). Support for LAMBDA is provided by the NASA Officeof Space Science. We acknowledge use of the HEALPix (Górski et al. 2005)software and analysis package for deriving some of the results in this paper. TheCanadian participation is supported bytheCanadianSpaceAgency.Appendix A: List of AcronymsAIV = assembly integration and verificationAPI = application programming interfaceAPS = angular power spectrumASI = Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (Italian Space Agency)ATCA = Australian Telescope Compact ArrayAVM = avionics modelBEM = back-end moduleBEU = back-end unitCDM = cold dark matterCOBE = COsmic Background ExplorerCOBRAS = COsmic Background Radiation AnisotropySatelliteCMB = cosmic microwave backgroundCPV = commissioning performance verificationCSL = Centre Spatial de LiègeDAE = data acquisition electronicsDBI = Dirac-born-infeld (inflation)DC = direct currentDDS = data distribution systemDMC = data management componentDMS = document management systemDPC = data processing centreEBB = Elegant BreadBoardingEMC = electromagnetic compatibilityESA = European Space AgencyESOC = European Space Operations CentreET = edge taperFEM = front-end moduleFL = federation layerFM = flight modelFPU = focal plane unitFWHM = full width half maximumGLAST = Gamma-ray Large Area Space TelescopeGLS = generalized least squaresGSE = ground support equipmentPage 21 of 24
A&A 520, A3 (2010)GUI = graphical user interfaceHEALPix = Hierarchical Equal Area isoLatitude PixelizationHEMT = high electron mobility transistorHFI = High Frequency InstrumentHPST = high-pressure stabilization tankIDIS = integrated data and information systemIR = infra redISM = inter-stellar mediumJPL = Jet Propulsion LaboratoryJT = Joule-ThomsonLDAP = Lightweight Directory Access ProtocolLFI = Low Frequency InstrumentLIFE = LFI integrated perFormance EvaluatorLNA = low noise amplifierLPSB = low-pressure storage bedLVHX = Liquid Vapour Heat eXchangeMIB = mission information baseMIC = microwave integrated circuitMMIC = monolithic microwave integrated circuitMOC = mission operation centreNASA = National Aeronautics and Space Administration (USA)NG = non GaussianityOMT = orthomode transducerPACE = piping and cold-end assemblyPD = prototype demonstratorPFM = <strong>Planck</strong> protoflight modelPI = Principal InvestigatorPID = proportional integral derivativePLA = <strong>Planck</strong> Legacy ArchivePPLM = <strong>Planck</strong> PayLoad ModuleProC = Process CoordinatorPS = phase switchQM = qualification modelRAA = radiometer array assemblyRCA = radiometer chain assemblyREBA = Radiometer Electronics Box AssemblyRF = radio frequencyRTA = real time assessmentSAMBA = SAtellite for Measurement of BackgroundAnisotropiesSCE = sorption cooler electronicsSCS = sorption cooler subsystemSOVT = system operation validation testSS = scanning strategySVM = SerVice ModuleSWC = SoftWare ComponentTM = TeleMetryTMU = thermo-mechanical unitTOI = time order informationTQL = telemetry quick lookTSA = temperature stabilization assembly; time series analysisWMAP = Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy ProbeWR = warm radiatorXPD = cross-polar discriminationReferencesAatrokoski, J., Lähteenmäki, A., Tornikoski, M., et al. 2010, MNRAS, 401, 597Abdo, A. 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ABSTRACTThe European Space Agency
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M. Sandri et al.: Planck pre-launch
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arrangement was also constrained by
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of frequencies and shown to have po
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