Planck Pre-Launch Status Papers - APC - UniversitÃ© Paris Diderot ...

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The bafflewasassembledfromsimpleshapestosimplifyitsimplementation in the GRASP software model, and minimisethe uncertainty in the predicted radiation pattern of the telescope.It is built from seven adjacent conical sections and one planarrear wall, joined to yield a smooth surface. The diffraction fromthese elementary surfaces is easily computable using geometricaltheory of diffraction implemented in GRASP. The telescopecavity is closed at the bottom with the topmost conical V-groove.The front shape of the baffle(i.e.,thewallbehindthesecondarymirror) was raised slightly to reduce the illumination of the topof the primary mirror by the Moon.The edges of both reflectors and the rim of the bafflearecoveredwith kapton foil. The effect of implementing curved edgeswas investigated and, although they produced a lower level ofdiffraction over a wider angular range, the uncertainty in the predictedresults was higher because of the effect of creeping waves.The edges are therefore straight on both sides of the sandwich,ageometrythatconcentratestheedge-diffracted fields in a narrowregion.J. A. Tauber et al.: Planck pre-launch status: The optical system4. In-flight optical characteristicsWe summarise in this section the in-flight optical properties ofPlanck inferred from the flight prediction exercise (see Sect. 7).The properties of the focal plane are visually presented in Fig. 4,and the characteristics of the individual channels are listed inTable 2 3 .The main features of the far sidelobes are summarised inFig. 5,andsomeofthekeyfiguresarelistedinTable2.Wedrawattention to the grating lobes, which are expected to be producedby the reflector “dimpling” (Sect. 3.2). Interferometric measurementsof the SR (Sect. 5.1) have shown that the dimples are notsystematically present in all core cells (Fig. 6). GRASP simulationsof the effect on the beam pattern of the derived SR deformationmap show that the expected narrow and bright gratinglobes are suppressed by the unsystematic behaviour of the smallscalestructure: though power is scattered by the dimples, the resultinglobes are broadened and merge into the general sidelobebehaviour.While Planck was not originally designed to measure polarisation,most of its detectors are linearly polarised, and its capabilitiesin this respect have improved over the years in responseto the realisation that these measurements are extremely importantscientifically. Most horns contain two linearly polariseddetectors whose principal planes of polarisation are very closeto 90 ◦ apart on the sky 4 .Twoofthesehorns,rotatedby45 ◦ withrespect to each other, are placed consecutively along the pathswept by the FOV on the sky (see Fig. 4). This arrangement allowsus to recover Stokes Q and U by suitable addition and subtractionof the different detector outputs, and reduces spuriouspolarisation due to beam mismatches (Leahy et al. 2010; Rossetet al. 2010).3 The two highest-frequency channels are based on multi-moded hornsand spiderweb bolometers, which are sensitive to total power (Maffeiet al. 2010). The angular response of these detectors on the sky is difficultto model and is addressed in a separate paper (Murphy et al. 2010,in prep.); only some basic characteristics are listed here. We note thatthe function of these detectors – to measure the foregrounds – impliesthat they do not need to be known as accurately as the channels nearthe peak of the CMB spectrum. Furthermore, the high signal-to-noiseratios on planets at these high frequencies and angular resolution implythat their response will be measured very accurately in-flight.4 Arotationoftheangleisintroducedbythetelescope(seee.g.Francoet al. 2003), which has been compensated in the focal plane design.Fig. 4. The footprint of the focal plane as seen by an observer at infinity.The top panel shows predicted contours of each main beam (averagedacross the band); the horizontal and vertical axis are in U = sin(θ) ×cos(φ) andV = sin(θ) × sin(φ) (whereθ is the angle around X TEL and φthe angle around Y TEL ,offset to the centre of each beam). The colourscale is in dBi. Patterns for the multi-modedhorns (545, 857 GHz)are not in final form; only their location relative to the other beamsis indicated. The bottom panel is an explanatory guide. Frequenciesare identified by colours; the horn identification numbers are also indicated(LFI horns in red, HFI horns in blue). The crossed lines indicatethe direction of sensitivity to linear polarisation for pairs of bolometersor radiometers within each horn (horns with no cross correspond tobolometers sensitive to total power only). The plate scale is ∼32 ◦ /m.The largest extent of the footprint on the sky is almost 9 ◦ along the scandirection (i.e., between the outermost 44 GHz beams). The scan directionshown is that of the beams across the sky, i.e., the rightmost horn(e.g., 28) crosses a celestial source before the leftmost (e.g. 27) does.The radius of the circle on the sky described by each horn decreasesfrom bottom to top on this diagram, i.e. horn 27 has a radius of 88. ◦ 90and horn 25 of 82. ◦ 59.Each linearly polarised detector is mainly characterised bytwo parameters: the orientation on the sky of the principal planeof polarisation, and the cross-polar level (i.e. the sensitivity to radiationpolarised orthogonally to the principal plane). Estimatesare shown in Table 3. Weemphasizethatboththeseparametersvary with angle within the beam; their effective values thereforedepend on the spatial distribution of the source to which thePage 5 of 22
A&A 520, A2 (2010)Table 2. Predicted in-flight beam properties a .Ellipticity d BandaveragedSR Spillover f (%) PR Spillover g (%)Frequency No. FWHM b (arcmin) BandaveragedFWHM c Ellipticity e(GHz) det.Mean Min Max Mean Mean Min Max Mean Mean Min Max Mean Min Max30 4 33.34 33.33 33.35 32.71 1.38 1.36 1.40 1.36 0.24 0.23 0.24 0.59 0.59 0.5944 6 26.81 22.96 29.14 29.54 1.26 1.21 1.37 1.50 0.07 0.03 0.09 0.18 0.14 0.1970 12 13.03 12.76 13.38 13.00 1.22 1.20 1.26 1.27 0.17 0.12 0.19 0.65 0.54 0.76100 8 9.40 8.62 10.21 9.58 1.18 1.17 1.18 1.17 0.19 0.17 0.21 0.14 0.12 0.16143 8 6.79 6.54 7.12 6.93 1.06 1.03 1.09 1.06 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.11 0.10 0.11143 (unpol) 4 6.99 6.85 7.21 7.11 1.04 1.03 1.05 1.03 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.13 0.13 0.13217 8 4.57 4.31 4.84 4.63 1.10 1.08 1.12 1.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.07 0.02 0.09217 (unpol) 4 4.57 4.29 4.87 4.62 1.12 1.11 1.13 1.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12353 8 4.52 4.28 4.76 4.52 1.08 1.06 1.11 1.08 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02353 (unpol) 4 4.60 4.04 5.27 4.59 1.25 1.19 1.31 1.23 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02545 (unpol) 4 4.7 h 1.03 0.02 0.3857 (unpol) 4 4.3 1.04 0.0001 0.03Notes. (a) The characteristics listed in this table correspond to those of monochromatic beams at band centre; the typical effect of including bandaveragingis indicated for FWHM and ellipticity. Mean, minimum, and maximum are drawn from the set of all detectors at a given frequency;polarised and unpolarised detectors are separately indicated.(b) The mean of the minor and major axis at half-power found by fitting a bivariate Gaussian to the beam.(c) Mean FWHM (in arcmins) for beams averaged across the detector bandwidth,basedonstraightaveragingof5frequenciesequallyspacedwithinthe bandpass. This is indicative only, as it does not account for the bandpass shape of the detector, nor for the spectrum of the source. A moreoptimal way to account for broadband optical effects in the near sidelobes is described in Yurchenko et al. (2005); their analysis indicates that theeffect of increasing the number of frequencies averaged from 3 to 9 is well below 1% in total power.(d) The ratio of major and minor axis.(e) Mean ellipticity of beams averaged across the detector bandwidth. This is indicative only, as for the FWHM.( f ) The percentage of power reaching the detector without having reflected on either SR or PR.(g) The percentage of power reaching the detector having reflected only on the SR.(h) Since the shape of the multi-moded beam patterns is not Gaussian, the FWHM only partially represents it. A different parameter to use is thehalf-power angle in the azimuthally integrated power, whose meanis4.08and3.3arcminsfor545and857GHz,respectively.beams couple. The LFI detector assembly includes ortho-modetransducers (OMTs), which feed orthogonal polarisations to thelow-noise amplifiers. They introduce an additional electrical rotationin the angle with rms uncertainty ≈0. ◦ 51, via their finitecross-polar response. Uncertainties in the feed-horn cross-polarresponse at a level of
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Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACTThe European Space Agency
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