Planck Pre-Launch Status Papers - APC - Université Paris Diderot ...
Planck Pre-Launch Status Papers - APC - Université Paris Diderot ... Planck Pre-Launch Status Papers - APC - Université Paris Diderot ...
A&A 520, A8 (2010)Bond, J. R., Jaffe, A. H., & Knox, L. 1998, PRD, 57, 2117Burigana, C., Gruppuso, A., & Finelli, F. 2006, MNRAS, 371, 1570Cappellini, B., Maino, D., Albetti, G., et al. 2003, A&A, 409, 375D’Arcangelo, O., Figini, L., Simonetto, A., et al. 2009a, JINST, 4, T12007D’Arcangelo, O., Simonetto, A., Figini, L., et al. 2009b, JINST, 4, T12005Davis, R. J., Wilkinson, A., Davies, R. D., et al. 2009, JINST, 4, T12002Draine, B. T., & Lazarian, A. 1998, ApJ, 494, L19Eriksen, H. K., Jewell, J. B., Dickinson, C., et al. 2008, ApJ, 676, 10Gorski, K. M., Wandelt, B. D., Hansen, F. K., Hivon, E., & Banday, A. J. 1999,unpublished [arXiv:astro-ph/9905275]Green, D. A., Tuffs, R. J., & Popescu, C. C. 2004, MNRAS, 355, 1315Hamaker, J. P. 2000, A&AS, 143, 515Hamaker, J. P., & Bregman, J. D. 1996, A&AS, 117, 161Hamaker, J. P., & Leahy, J. P. 2004, A study of CMB differencing polarimetrywith particular reference to Planck, Tech.Rep.SCI-A/2003.312/JT, ESAHamaker, J. P., Bregman, J. D., & Sault, R. J. 1996, A&AS, 117, 137Heeschen, D. S., & Howard, W. E. 1974, in Trans. IAU, Vol. XVB, Proc. 1973General Assembly, ed. G. Contoupoulos &A.Jappel(Dordrecht:Reidel),165Hinshaw, G., Weiland, J. L., Hill, R. S., et al. 2009, ApJS, 180, 225Hu, W., & Dodelson, S. 2002, ARA&A, 40, 171Hu, W., Hedman, M. M., & Zaldarriaga, M. 2003, PRD, 67, 043004Jarosik, N., Barnes, C., Greason, M. R., et al. 2007, ApJS, 170, 263Jones, W. C., Montroy, T. E., Crill, B. P., et al. 2007, A&A, 470, 771Keihänen, E., Kurki-Suonio, H., & Poutanen, T. 2005, MNRAS, 360, 390Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kurki-Suonio, H., Poutanen, T., & Sirvio, A.-S.2010, A&A, 510, 57Kogut, A., Dunkley, J., Bennett, C. L., et al. 2007, ApJ, 665, 355Kraus, J. D. 1966, Radio Astronomy (New York: McGraw-Hill)Kurki-Suonio, H., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., et al. 2009, A&A, 506, 1511Lamarre, J.-M., Puget, J.-L., Ade, P. A. R., et al. 2010, A&A, 520, A9Leahy, J. P., & Foley, K. 2006, Proc.Science, PoS(CMB2006), 043Ludwig, A. C. 1973, IEEE Trans.-AP, 21, 116Mandolesi, N., Bersanelli, M., Butler, R. C., et al. 2010, A&A, 520, A3Meinhold, P., Leonardi, R., Aja, B.,etal.2009,JINST,4,T12009Mennella, A., Bersanelli, M., Seiffert, M., et al. 2003, A&A, 410, 1089Mennella, A., Bersanelli, M., Butler, R. C., et al. 2010, A&A, 520, A5Morgante, G., Pearson, D., Melot, F., et al. 2009, JINST, 4, T12016Netterfield, C. B., Ade, P. A. R., Bock, J. J., et al. 2002, ApJ, 571, 604O’Dea, D., Challinor, A., & Johnson, B. R. 2007, MNRAS, 376, 1767Page, L., Hinshaw, G., Komatsu, E., et al. 2007, ApJS, 170, 335Perley, R. A. 1982, AJ, 87, 859Pontoppidan, K. (ed.) 2005, GRASP9 Technical Description (Copenhagen:TICRA Engineering Consultants)Rosset, C., Yurchenko, V. B., Delabrouille, J., et al. 2007, A&A, 464, 405Sandri, M., Villa, F., Bersanelli, M., et al. 2010, A&A, 520, A7Seiffert, M., Mennella, A., Burigana, C., et al. 2002, A&A, 391, 1185Tauber, J. A., Mandolesi, N., Puget, J.-L., et al. 2010a, A&A, 520, A1Tauber, J. A., Norgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Ade, P. A. R., et al. 2010b, A&A, 520,A2Tinbergen, J. 1996, Astronomical Polarimetry (Cambridge University Press)Valenziano, L., Cuttaia, F., De Rosa, A., et al. 2009, JINST, 4, T12006Villa, F., D’Arcangelo, O., Pecora, M., et al. 2009, JINST, 4, T12004Zaldarriaga, M. & Seljak, U. 1997, PRD, 55, 1830Zonca, A., Franceschet, C., Battaglia, P., et al. 2009, JINST, 4, T120101 Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics andAstronomy, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UKe-mail: j.p.leahy@manchester.ac.uk2 Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste - INAF, via Tiepolo 11, 34143Trieste, Italy3 Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy4 IASF - Sezione di Milano, INAF, Milano, Italy5 Istituto di Fisica del Plasma - CNR, via Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano,Italy6 Laboratoire APC/CNRS, Bâtiment Condorcet, 10 rue Alice Domonet Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France7 SISSA/ISAS, Astrophysics Sector, via Beirut 2-4, Sezione diTrieste, 34014 Trieste, Italy8 INFN, Sezione di Trieste, 34014 Trieste, Italy9 Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of BritishColumbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1 Canada10 Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, 00014Helsinki, Finland11 Helsinki Institute of Physics, PO Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland12 Metsähovi Radio Observatory, TKK, Helsinki University ofTechnology, Metsähovintie 114, 02540 Kylmälä, Finland13 Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica - Sezione diBologna, INAF, Bologna, Italy14 European Space Agency (ESA), Astrophysics Division, Keplerlann1, 2201 AZ, Noordwijk, The Netherlands15 INAF - Trieste, 34131 Trieste, Italy16 Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley NationalLaboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA17 Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California Berkeley,Berkeley CA 94720, USA18 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Italy19 Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara,CA 931106, USA20 Planck Science Office, European Space Agency, European SpaceAstronomy Centre, PO Box – Apdo. de correos 78, 28691Villanueva da la Caada, Madrid, Spain21 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,Pasadena, CA 91109, USA22 Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology,Pasadena, CA 91125, USAPage 26 of 26
A&A 520, A9 (2010)DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/200912975c○ ESO 2010Pre-launch status of the Planck missionAstronomy&AstrophysicsSpecial featurePlanck pre-launch status: The HFI instrument,from specification to actual performanceJ.-M. Lamarre 1 ,J.-L.Puget 2 ,P.A.R.Ade 3 ,F.Bouchet 4 ,G.Guyot 2 ,A.E.Lange 5,6,† ,F.Pajot 2 ,A.Arondel 2 ,K. Benabed 4 ,J.-L.Beney 8 ,A.Benoît 9 ,J.-Ph.Bernard 10 ,R.Bhatia 7 ,Y.Blanc 11 ,J.J.Bock 5,6 ,E.Bréelle 12 ,T. W. Bradshaw 13 ,P.Camus 9 ,A.Catalano 12,1 ,J.Charra 2,† ,M.Charra 2 ,S.E.Church 14 ,F.Couchot 8 ,A.Coulais 1 ,B. P. Crill 5,6 ,M.R.Crook 13 ,K.Dassas 2 ,P.deBernardis 15 ,J.Delabrouille 12 ,P.deMarcillac 2 ,J.-M.Delouis 4 ,F.-X. Désert 16 ,C.Dumesnil 2 ,X.Dupac 17 ,G.Efstathiou 18 ,P.Eng 2 ,C.Evesque 2 ,J.-J.Fourmond 2 ,K.Ganga 12 ,M. Giard 10 ,R.Gispert 2,† ,L.Guglielmi 12 ,J.Haissinski 8 ,S.Henrot-Versillé 8 ,E.Hivon 4 ,W.A.Holmes 6 ,W. C. Jones 6,19 ,T.C.Koch 6 ,H.Lagardère 2 ,P.Lami 2 ,J.Landé 10 ,B.Leriche 2 ,C.Leroy 2 ,Y.Longval 2 ,J. F. Macías-Pérez 20 ,T.Maciaszek 11 ,B.Maffei 21 ,B.Mansoux 8 ,C.Marty 10 ,S.Masi 15 ,C.Mercier 2 ,M.-A. Miville-Deschênes 2 ,A.Moneti 4 ,L.Montier 10 ,J.A.Murphy 22 ,J.Narbonne 10 ,M.Nexon 10 ,C.G.Paine 6 ,J. Pahn 11 ,O.Perdereau 8 ,F.Piacentini 15 ,M.Piat 12 ,S.Plaszczynski 8 ,E.Pointecouteau 10 ,R.Pons 10 ,N.Ponthieu 2 ,S. Prunet 4 ,D.Rambaud 10 ,G.Recouvreur 1 ,C.Renault 20 ,I.Ristorcelli 10 ,C.Rosset 12,8 ,D.Santos 20 ,G.Savini 3,23 ,G. Serra 10,† ,P.Stassi 20 ,R.V.Sudiwala 3 ,J.-F.Sygnet 4 ,J.A.Tauber 7 ,J.-P.Torre 2 ,M.Tristram 8 ,L.Vibert 2 ,A. Woodcraft 24 ,V.Yurchenko 22,25 ,andD.Yvon 26(Affiliations can be found after the references)Received 24 July 2009 / Accepted 27 January 2010ABSTRACTContext. The High Frequency Instrument (HFI) is one of the two focal instruments of the Planck mission. It will observe the whole sky in sixbands in the 100 GHz−1THzrange.Aims. The HFI instrument is designed to measure the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with a sensitivity limited only by fundamentalsources: the photon noise of the CMB itself and the residuals left after the removal of foregrounds. The two high frequency bands will providefull maps of the submillimetre sky, featuring mainly extended and point source foregrounds. Systematic effects must be kept at negligible levelsor accurately monitored so that the signal can be corrected. This paper describes the HFI design and its characteristics deduced from ground testsand calibration.Methods. The HFI instrumental concept and architecture are feasible only by pushing new techniques to their extreme capabilities, mainly:(i) bolometers working at 100 mK and absorbing the radiation in grids; (ii) a dilution cooler providing 100 mK in microgravity conditions;(iii) a new type of AC biased readout electronics and (iv) optical channels using devices inspired from radio and infrared techniques.Results. The Planck-HFI instrument performance exceeds requirements for sensitivity and control of systematic effects. During ground-basedcalibration and tests, it was measured at instrument and system levels to be close to or better than the goal specification.Key words. cosmic microwave background – space vehicles: instruments – submillimeter: general–techniques: photometric –techniques: polarimetric1. IntroductionThe main scientific goal of the Planck mission 1 (Tauber et al.2010a) isafullskymeasurementoftheintensityandpolarisationanisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB).The High Frequency Instrument (HFI) and the Low FrequencyInstrument (LFI) share the focal plane of an off-axis Gregorianliketelescope with an effective diameter of 1.5 m.Soon after the publication of the COBE results (Matheret al. 1990; Smoot et al. 1991), it was pointed out during an1 Planck (http://www.esa.int/Planck) is a project of theEuropean Space Agency – ESA – with instruments provided by two scientificConsortia funded by ESA member states (in particular the leadcountries: France and Italy) with contributions from NASA (USA), andtelescope reflectors provided in a collaboration between ESA and a scientificConsortium led and funded by Denmark.internal meeting at IAS (February 1993) that the sensitivity offuture receivers in the millimetre range could improve by nearlythree orders of magnitude if a number of promising techniquesof bolometric detection reached maturity. These were– (i) the development of 100 mK spider-web bolometers(SWB) (Mauskopf et al. 1997) and,later,ofpolarisationsensitivebolometers (PSB) (Jones et al. 2003);– (ii) readout electronics using AC bias currents to suppresslow frequency noise and use of total power photometry insteadof differential methods (Rieke et al. 1989; Gaertneret al. 1997);– (iii) a 100 mK dilution cooler operable in microgravity conditions(Benoît et al. 1997);– (iv) closed cycle refrigerators that could provide temperaturestages at both 20 K and 4 K without bulky cryostats;Article published by EDP Sciences Page 1 of 20
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A&A 520, A8 (2010)Bond, J. R., Jaffe, A. H., & Knox, L. 1998, PRD, 57, 2117Burigana, C., Gruppuso, A., & Finelli, F. 2006, MNRAS, 371, 1570Cappellini, B., Maino, D., Albetti, G., et al. 2003, A&A, 409, 375D’Arcangelo, O., Figini, L., Simonetto, A., et al. 2009a, JINST, 4, T12007D’Arcangelo, O., Simonetto, A., Figini, L., et al. 2009b, JINST, 4, T12005Davis, R. J., Wilkinson, A., Davies, R. D., et al. 2009, JINST, 4, T12002Draine, B. T., & Lazarian, A. 1998, ApJ, 494, L19Eriksen, H. K., Jewell, J. B., Dickinson, C., et al. 2008, ApJ, 676, 10Gorski, K. M., Wandelt, B. D., Hansen, F. K., Hivon, E., & Banday, A. J. 1999,unpublished [arXiv:astro-ph/9905275]Green, D. A., Tuffs, R. J., & Popescu, C. C. 2004, MNRAS, 355, 1315Hamaker, J. P. 2000, A&AS, 143, 515Hamaker, J. P., & Bregman, J. D. 1996, A&AS, 117, 161Hamaker, J. P., & Leahy, J. P. 2004, A study of CMB differencing polarimetrywith particular reference to <strong>Planck</strong>, Tech.Rep.SCI-A/2003.312/JT, ESAHamaker, J. P., Bregman, J. D., & Sault, R. J. 1996, A&AS, 117, 137Heeschen, D. S., & Howard, W. E. 1974, in Trans. IAU, Vol. XVB, Proc. 1973General Assembly, ed. G. Contoupoulos &A.Jappel(Dordrecht:Reidel),165Hinshaw, G., Weiland, J. L., Hill, R. S., et al. 2009, ApJS, 180, 225Hu, W., & Dodelson, S. 2002, ARA&A, 40, 171Hu, W., Hedman, M. M., & Zaldarriaga, M. 2003, PRD, 67, 043004Jarosik, N., Barnes, C., Greason, M. R., et al. 2007, ApJS, 170, 263Jones, W. C., Montroy, T. E., Crill, B. P., et al. 2007, A&A, 470, 771Keihänen, E., Kurki-Suonio, H., & Poutanen, T. 2005, MNRAS, 360, 390Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kurki-Suonio, H., Poutanen, T., & Sirvio, A.-S.2010, A&A, 510, 57Kogut, A., Dunkley, J., Bennett, C. L., et al. 2007, ApJ, 665, 355Kraus, J. D. 1966, Radio Astronomy (New York: McGraw-Hill)Kurki-Suonio, H., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., et al. 2009, A&A, 506, 1511Lamarre, J.-M., Puget, J.-L., Ade, P. A. R., et al. 2010, A&A, 520, A9Leahy, J. P., & Foley, K. 2006, Proc.Science, PoS(CMB2006), 043Ludwig, A. C. 1973, IEEE Trans.-AP, 21, 116Mandolesi, N., Bersanelli, M., Butler, R. C., et al. 2010, A&A, 520, A3Meinhold, P., Leonardi, R., Aja, B.,etal.2009,JINST,4,T12009Mennella, A., Bersanelli, M., Seiffert, M., et al. 2003, A&A, 410, 1089Mennella, A., Bersanelli, M., Butler, R. C., et al. 2010, A&A, 520, A5Morgante, G., Pearson, D., Melot, F., et al. 2009, JINST, 4, T12016Netterfield, C. B., Ade, P. A. R., Bock, J. J., et al. 2002, ApJ, 571, 604O’Dea, D., Challinor, A., & Johnson, B. R. 2007, MNRAS, 376, 1767Page, L., Hinshaw, G., Komatsu, E., et al. 2007, ApJS, 170, 335Perley, R. A. 1982, AJ, 87, 859Pontoppidan, K. (ed.) 2005, GRASP9 Technical Description (Copenhagen:TICRA Engineering Consultants)Rosset, C., Yurchenko, V. B., Delabrouille, J., et al. 2007, A&A, 464, 405Sandri, M., Villa, F., Bersanelli, M., et al. 2010, A&A, 520, A7Seiffert, M., Mennella, A., Burigana, C., et al. 2002, A&A, 391, 1185Tauber, J. A., Mandolesi, N., Puget, J.-L., et al. 2010a, A&A, 520, A1Tauber, J. A., Norgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Ade, P. A. R., et al. 2010b, A&A, 520,A2Tinbergen, J. 1996, Astronomical Polarimetry (Cambridge University <strong>Pre</strong>ss)Valenziano, L., Cuttaia, F., De Rosa, A., et al. 2009, JINST, 4, T12006Villa, F., D’Arcangelo, O., Pecora, M., et al. 2009, JINST, 4, T12004Zaldarriaga, M. & Seljak, U. 1997, PRD, 55, 1830Zonca, A., Franceschet, C., Battaglia, P., et al. 2009, JINST, 4, T120101 Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics andAstronomy, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UKe-mail: j.p.leahy@manchester.ac.uk2 Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste - INAF, via Tiepolo 11, 34143Trieste, Italy3 Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy4 IASF - Sezione di Milano, INAF, Milano, Italy5 Istituto di Fisica del Plasma - CNR, via Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano,Italy6 Laboratoire <strong>APC</strong>/CNRS, Bâtiment Condorcet, 10 rue Alice Domonet Léonie Duquet, 75205 <strong>Paris</strong> Cedex 13, France7 SISSA/ISAS, Astrophysics Sector, via Beirut 2-4, Sezione diTrieste, 34014 Trieste, Italy8 INFN, Sezione di Trieste, 34014 Trieste, Italy9 Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of BritishColumbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1 Canada10 Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, 00014Helsinki, Finland11 Helsinki Institute of Physics, PO Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland12 Metsähovi Radio Observatory, TKK, Helsinki University ofTechnology, Metsähovintie 114, 02540 Kylmälä, Finland13 Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica - Sezione diBologna, INAF, Bologna, Italy14 European Space Agency (ESA), Astrophysics Division, Keplerlann1, 2201 AZ, Noordwijk, The Netherlands15 INAF - Trieste, 34131 Trieste, Italy16 Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley NationalLaboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA17 Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California Berkeley,Berkeley CA 94720, USA18 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Italy19 Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara,CA 931106, USA20 <strong>Planck</strong> Science Office, European Space Agency, European SpaceAstronomy Centre, PO Box – Apdo. de correos 78, 28691Villanueva da la Caada, Madrid, Spain21 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,Pasadena, CA 91109, USA22 Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology,Pasadena, CA 91125, USAPage 26 of 26
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