Sea Lice AND Salmon - Farmed And Dangerous
Sea Lice AND Salmon - Farmed And Dangerous Sea Lice AND Salmon - Farmed And Dangerous
CONTENTSForeword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Aquaculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sea Lice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Sea Lice & Salmon Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11The Broughton Archipelago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16The Role of Governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Sources for more information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Why conserve the diversity of wild salmon? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23FIGURE 1. Locations of the active salmonaquaculture tenures in British Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4FIGURE 2. BC farmed salmon production 1986–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5FIGURE 3. Harvest of farmed vs. wild salmon in BC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5FIGURE 4. Economics of BC’s fisheries and aquaculture sector . . . . . . . . . 7FIGURE 5. Life cycle of Lepeophtheirus salmonis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10FIGURE 6. Locations of outbreaks of sea lice, Lepeophtheirussalmonis, on wild fish and farmed fish in the world . . . . . . . 12FIGURE 7. Location of the Broughton Archipelago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13FIGURE 8. Pink salmon migration routes and salmonfarm tenures in the Broughton Archipelago. . . . . . . . . . . . . 15ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis overview was produced by Watershed Watch with the help of several researchersand supporters. Special thanks to analyst Karen Leslie for primary research and writing,Trish Hall for overseeing the project, Peter Broomhall for his editing, rewriting,and making helpful suggestions, and several reviewers for valuable observations andinput. Thanks also to Alexandra Morton, Living Oceans Society, David Suzuki Foundation,Maple Leaf Adventures, Thomas Schram, and Peter Bromley (for photos andmaps). Financial support for the research, preparation and publication of these factsheets was provided by the Vancouver Foundation, Tides Canada, the David andLucile Packard Foundation, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the Patrick HodgsonFamily Foundation, the BC Federation of Fly Fishers, and the Osprey Fly Fishers.Front and back cover photos:Design & production:Craig OrrEye Design Inc.Printed in Canada on paper with 30% post-consumer fibre, elemental chlorine free and processed chlorine free.© Watershed Watch Salmon Society 2004iiSea Lice and Salmon: Elevating the Dialogue
British Columbia boasts one of thegreatest diversities of wild salmonon the planet. Some 8,000 racesor “runs” of wild Pacific salmon stillsurvive in BC’s rivers, a diminished butstill incredible tapestry of richness toooften taken for granted.It’s hardly secret that BC’s rich-but-fragilelegacy—its natural, cultural and economicbounty—is under increasing assault from ahost of human-related activities. It’s also nosecret that if we are truly interested in preservingwild salmon for the future, allthreats to local populations of salmonmust be carefully examined, includingthose posed by open net-cage aquaculture.Watershed Watch, a science-based salmonconservation organization, spends much ofits time “elevating the dialogue.” Lately,Watershed Watch’s efforts have focused onthe connection between salmon farms andlice infestations of wild juvenile salmon.The “sea lice story” hasresonated now formonths—in meetings, onriverbanks, in the media,in scientific papers andworkshops, and with anincreasingly-concernedpublic.ForewordWatershed Watch believes that the sustainablefuture of salmon hinges on the publicbeing properly informed. Accordingly,Watershed Watch has produced ‘fact sheets’that deal directly with questions concerningsea lice and salmon: What is a sealouse? How do lice harm fish? How manyeggs do lice lay? How long do lice live?What’s being done to deal with the licethreat?Watershed Watch also recognizes that thereis a bigger story—one involving otheraquaculture and wild salmon issues andplayers—that needs to be told in order toprovide the necessary context for the informationon sea lice. Though the essays arescience-based, they are written in lay language.Watershed Watch hopes they elevatethe dialogue and improve our collectiveunderstanding of what is required toensure that this modern story has a happyending—for both wild salmon, and people.Watershed Watchbelieves thatthe sustainablefuture of salmonhinges on thepublic beingproperly informed.Steelhead being releasedon the Dean River.Craig Orr photoSea Lice and Salmon: Elevating the Dialogue1
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CONTENTSForeword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Aquaculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2<strong>Sea</strong> <strong>Lice</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7<strong>Sea</strong> <strong>Lice</strong> & <strong>Salmon</strong> Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11The Broughton Archipelago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16The Role of Governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Sources for more information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Why conserve the diversity of wild salmon? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23FIGURE 1. Locations of the active salmonaquaculture tenures in British Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4FIGURE 2. BC farmed salmon production 1986–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5FIGURE 3. Harvest of farmed vs. wild salmon in BC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5FIGURE 4. Economics of BC’s fisheries and aquaculture sector . . . . . . . . . 7FIGURE 5. Life cycle of Lepeophtheirus salmonis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10FIGURE 6. Locations of outbreaks of sea lice, Lepeophtheirussalmonis, on wild fish and farmed fish in the world . . . . . . . 12FIGURE 7. Location of the Broughton Archipelago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13FIGURE 8. Pink salmon migration routes and salmonfarm tenures in the Broughton Archipelago. . . . . . . . . . . . . 15ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis overview was produced by Watershed Watch with the help of several researchersand supporters. Special thanks to analyst Karen Leslie for primary research and writing,Trish Hall for overseeing the project, Peter Broomhall for his editing, rewriting,and making helpful suggestions, and several reviewers for valuable observations andinput. Thanks also to Alexandra Morton, Living Oceans Society, David Suzuki Foundation,Maple Leaf Adventures, Thomas Schram, and Peter Bromley (for photos andmaps). Financial support for the research, preparation and publication of these factsheets was provided by the Vancouver Foundation, Tides Canada, the David andLucile Packard Foundation, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the Patrick HodgsonFamily Foundation, the BC Federation of Fly Fishers, and the Osprey Fly Fishers.Front and back cover photos:Design & production:Craig OrrEye Design Inc.Printed in Canada on paper with 30% post-consumer fibre, elemental chlorine free and processed chlorine free.© Watershed Watch <strong>Salmon</strong> Society 2004ii<strong>Sea</strong> <strong>Lice</strong> and <strong>Salmon</strong>: Elevating the Dialogue
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