CHRISTIAN FUCHS - ICT&S - UniversitÃ¤t Salzburg

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Christian Fuchs: Social Networking Sites and the Surveillance Societybe their equipment(f) data necessary to identify the location of mobile communication equipment“ 2 .“Member States shall ensure that the categories of data specified in Article 5 areretained for periods of not less than six months and not more than two years fromthe date of the communication“ 3 .At the time of writing this report (October 2008), Austria had not implemented thedirective in its Telecommunications Act and had been admonished by the EUCommission twice for not doing so. The Directive was realized in Germany onNovember 9, 2007 by passing the Act on Readjusting TelecommunicationsSurveillance.In December 2007, the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) and the AustrianPeoples Party (ÖVP) changed the Security Police Act (Sicherheitspolizeigesetz) so thatall information and communication providers are required to pass on personal data ofusers, if the police ask for it. No judicial order is needed. In contrast to Austria, theGerman Federal Constitutional Court decided in March 2008 that providers only in thecase of a judicial order and a severe criminal act must grant the police access tocommunication data.Austrian Security Police Act §53 (3a):“The security authorities have the right to demand from providers of publictelecommunications services and other service providers the disclosure of:1. Name, address, and identification number of a certain connection,2. Internet protocol address (IP-address) of a specific message and the time of itstransmission, as well as3. Name and address of a user, to whom a certain IP address was allocated at acertain point of time,if certain facts justify the assumption of a concrete threat and they require thisdata as an important precondition for the completion of the tasks that are assignedto them by this federal law. The identification of a connection according to point 1can also take place by reference to a call taken via this connection throughnaming as precisely as possible a period of time and the passive user number forthe completion of the general duty for first aid or the defence against dangerousattacks. The provider is required to disclose information immediately and at nocharge” 4 .2 Data Retention Directive, Article 5, http://www.ispai.ie/DR%20as%20published%20OJ%2013-04-06.pdf, accessed on October 28, 2008.3 Data Retention Directive, Article 6, http://www.ispai.ie/DR%20as%20published%20OJ%2013-04-06.pdf, accessed on October 28, 2008.4 “§ 53 Sicherheitspolizeigesetz:(3a) Die Sicherheitsbehörden sind berechtigt, von Betreibern öffentlicher Telekommunikationsdienste (§92 Abs. 3 Z 1 Telekommunikationsgesetz 2003 - TKG 2003, BGBl. I Nr. 70) und sonstigenDiensteanbietern (§ 3 Z 2 E-Commerce-Gesetz - ECG, BGBl. I Nr. 152/2001) Auskunft zu verlangen über1.Namen, Anschrift und Teilnehmernummer eines bestimmten Anschlusses,2. Internetprotokolladresse (IP-Adresse) zu einer bestimmten Nachricht und den Zeitpunkt ihrerÜbermittlung sowie3. Namen und Anschrift eines Benutzers, dem eine IP-Adresse zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunktzugewiesen war, wenn bestimmte Tatsachen die Annahme einer konkreten Gefahrensituation27
Christian Fuchs: Social Networking Sites and the Surveillance SocietyIn the surveillance society, the state is suspicious of individuals, everyone is suspectedto be a potential criminal, the principle that you are not guilty before proven guiltyseems to be reverted, one seems to be automatically suspected as being guilty as longas one cannot prove that one does not have criminal or terrorist intents. It is a society,where Guantanamo is not just a US military prison, but global society tends to becomea Guantanamo society. This phenomenon has become increasingly pressing sinceSeptember 11, 2001. Therefore one can assume that there are high pressure andexpectations from states on providers to store all data for a certain amount of time andto provide access.In the area of the economy, corporations are keen on knowing our consumptionpreferences for targeting us with personalized advertisements online. They do so eitherlegally when you agree in an electronic contract to an analysis of your consumptionpreferences and to receive advertisements e.g. by e-mail or when you browse a webplatform or illegally by sending spam mail or using invisible spyware that watches andtransmits passwords and online behaviour.For Marx, the profit rate is the relation of profit to investment costs: p = s / (c + v). Theinvestment costs are subdivided into constant and variable capital. Variable capital v isthe value form of labour, constant capital c the value form of the means of production.The latter consists of two parts: circulating constant capital c cir (the value of the utilizedraw materials, auxiliary materials, operating supply items and semi-finished products)and fixed constant capital c fix (the value of the utilised machines, buildings andequipment) (Marx 1885/1992, MEW 24: chapter 8). c cir and v together form thecirculating capital: They transfuse their value totally to the product and must beconstantly renewed. c fix remains fixed in the production process for many turnovers ofthe capital. Fixed constant capital decreases its value by each turnover of capital. Itsvalue is decreased by Δc, which is a flexible value. Fixed constant capital likemachinery does not create value and its value is never entirely transfused to capital atonce. It is depreciated by wear and tear, non-usage, and moral depreciation (i.e. theemergence of new machinery with increased productivity) (Marx 1885/1992: 237f,MEW 24: 159).In the production sphere, capital stops its metamorphosis; capital circulation comes toa halt. New value V’ of the commodity is produced, V’ contains the value of thenecessary constant and variable capital and all surplus value of the surplus product.Surplus value is generated by unpaid labour. Corporations do not pay for theproduction of surplus, therefore the production of surplus value can be considered as aprocess of exploitation. The value V’ of the commodity after production is V’ = c + v +s. The commodity then leaves the production sphere and again enters the circulationsphere, where it is sold on the market, so that surplus value is transformed into profit.The value of the commodity is realized in money form. Parts of the profits arerechtfertigen und sie diese Daten als wesentliche Voraussetzung für die Erfüllung der ihnen nach diesemBundesgesetz übertragenen Aufgaben benötigen. Die Bezeichnung eines Anschlusses nach Z 1 kann fürdie Erfüllung der ersten allgemeinen Hilfeleistungspflicht oder die Abwehr gefährlicher Angriffe auchdurch Bezugnahme auf ein von diesem Anschluss geführtes Gespräch durch Bezeichnung einesmöglichst genauen Zeitraumes und der passiven Teilnehmernummer erfolgen. Die ersuchte Stelle istverpflichtet, die Auskunft unverzüglich und kostenlos zu erteilen”.28
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CHRISTIAN FUCHS - ICT&S - UniversitÃ¤t Salzburg

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