Russia-2025: Scenarios for the Future
Russia-2025: Scenarios for the Future
Russia-2025: Scenarios for the Future
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Institutions-substitutionsThree weakened democratic institutions and <strong>the</strong>irsubstitutions in <strong>Russia</strong> at <strong>the</strong> regional levelFederal andregional bodies ofexecutive powerPopularly electedheads of regionsand ofmunicipalitiesDirect electionsPlenipotentiary presidential envoys to federaldistricts; chief federal inspectorsPresidential appointees confirmed by regionalparliaments and hired city-managersHorizontal rotation of federal appointees includinggovernors; complicated system of indicators usedto evaluate efficiency of regional authorities; socalled ‘personnel reserve’ at different levels; secretsociological polls to evaluate public attitudes;
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