Å olsko polje, letnik XX, Å¡tevilka 5-6, 2009: Vloga ... - PedagoÅ¡ki inÅ¡titut

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88 ŠOLSKO POLJE LETNIK <strong>XX</strong> ŠTEVILKA 5/6Karadžić has been (only) the president of Republic Srpska (and not a warcriminal), and now they have arrested him. While employing this particularprinciple, TS contributes to the masking of the responsibility of the Serbs forthe crimes committed in BH. It continues to cultivate the myth of an innocentSerbia, propagating the thesis that Serbs have always been victims of someexternal enemy, conspiring to annihilate them. In that way, Karadžić is positionedas someone who acted strongly to revenge past wrongs. TS attempts toerase the Serbian crimes in BH that were committed in the name of GreaterSerbia, with the political, military, economic support of the majority of theSerbs (Čolović, 2002; MacDonald, 2002; Popov, 2000; Repe, 2008).(C) Abstraction/PersonalizationWhat types of abstraction and generalization dominated the analyzed TSnews programs? The arrest of Karadžić was generalized in two ways. First,the already limited coverage of Karadžić’s war crimes was portrayed in »arelative way«, framed in terms of moral equivalence (see example 3) anddescribed not as intentional acts but as »accidents.«3. A journalist: What war crimes did Radovan Karadžić commit? What ishe responsible for?Vladislav Jovanović: We have to know that it wasn’t only Karadžićwho’s been involved. Other presidents were participating, too, butthey were not sent to The Hague. /.../ Accidents happened on all sides…and these have much deeper causes. (July 23 2008, »RadovanKaradžić – Myth and Reality«)In the above response, the source implicitly acknowledged that Karadžićis guilty of crimes, but he has generalized them (»others were involved«)and relativized them (»in a war, this kind of thing happens – everyonewas doing it«). This practice remains a crucial strategy for representingwar crimes (for more, see Wodak, 2006). Moreover, the source used theterm »accident«, which is a typical euphemism in Serbian nationalistic discourse(Luković, 2002): it transposes criminal acts into the unintentionalrealm of chance, thereby refusing to acknowledge that war crimes werealso committed by Serbs. The use of the notion »an accident« is illustrative– since an accident can happen without an intentional cause by someexternal »objective« force. Because the journalist did not challenge the re-
JOURNALISTIC (RE)PRODUCTION OF HISTORY: TELEVIZED COVERAGE OF RADOVAN ...89lativization of crimes or at least, demand an additional explanation, animplicit agreement with the source of information was established.TS claimed that Karadžić’s arrest means a shift towards the EU pathfor Serbia – it attempted to frame the significance of Karadžić arrest as fulfillingthe EU’s requirements and thereby rendering Serbia deserving ofbeing rewarded by the EU (see example 4).4. Goran Svilanović, former Yugoslav minister of foreign affairs claimedthat we the Serbs have now proven to the world that we are finally onthe path towards entry into the European Union. He added that Serbiahas to be rewarded by the EU. The EU has to cease its attempts atblackmail. (July 23 2008,«Radovan Karadžić – Myth and Reality«)TS has used the »reverse« principle here. Personalization can be definedas a preference for or focus upon the individual actor(s) and human interestangles in events, while downplaying institutional and political considerationsthat establish their social context. Many authors claim thatincreased media personalization results from the values embedded in television(e.g. Blumler and Kavanagh, 1999; Swanson and Mancini, 1996).In this regard, the commercial and political values of entertainment takeprecedence over the public service ideals of journalism. Especially becauseof its visual nature, television tends to focus on personalities rather thanon abstract entities such as parties and groups (Peri, 2004). Furthermore,the effect of personalized news is to decontextualize news events andespecially to overlook structural power relations (Johnson-Cartee, 2005).The consequence is also to naturalize war, through the breakdown of warinto episodes, or series of events, each reported and described largely inisolation. This logic serves to conceptualise war as disconnected »events«rather than as an ongoing political and military process. The »human story«becomes separated from the military-political policy of war, and thepast. In a sense, restorative nostalgia is implicitly used here as »truth andtradition« – TS restores its vision of the golden past as a stable construct.In the analyzed news stories, the focus on drama, visual spectacle,human-interest stories and personalization means a focus on one persononly – that is, a heavy emphasis on Karadžić to the exclusion of other socialactors and the social context that helped to frame Karadžić’s life. All ofthis results in the construction of a narrative suggesting that Karadžić workedindependently, without official Serbian state support. This meaninggets reinforced by the use of the word »only« (see example 5).
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UVODNA NOTICAIgor Ž. ŽagarTole pi
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Å olsko polje, letnik XX, Å¡tevilka 5-6, 2009: Vloga ... - PedagoÅ¡ki inÅ¡titut

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