Å olsko polje, letnik XX, Å¡tevilka 5-6, 2009: Vloga ... - PedagoÅ¡ki inÅ¡titut

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72 ŠOLSKO POLJE LETNIK XX ŠTEVILKA 5/6Notes[1] All emphases (bold) in the article are mine (IŽŽ).[2] The paper was recently published in Critical Discourse Studies 6/4 (2009),under the title »Recontextualising fascist ideologies of the past: rightwingdiscourses on employment and nativism in Austria and the UnitedKingdom«. In this article, I will be referring to the manuscript version.[3] There are many more, I’ve just limited my analysis to the most recent ones.[4] Let alone the fact that there is no (theoretical) explanation why there shouldbe list(s) at all.[5] Members of the European Parliament (IŽŽ).[6] It is worth noting that each topos can (usually) have two »converse« forms.Therefore the phrasing of this topos could also read: »If a specific actioncosts too much money, this action should be stopped«, depending on thecontext, and/or on what we want to prove or disprove.[7] An important and more than credible exception in this respect is SaraRubinelli with her excellent and most thorough monograph on Topoi, ArsTopica, The Classical Technique of Constructing Arguments from Aristotle toCicero, Argumentation Library, Springer, 2009.[8] This table is an extrapolated and reworked version of the topoi listed inAristotle’s Rhetoric B 23. It was taken from an excellent website on rhetoric,Silva Rhetoricae (http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Silva.htm).[9] See Rubinelli, 2009: 8-14.[10] The 29 topoi in the Rhetoric cannot all be found among the 300 topoi fromthe Topics. There is a long-standing and heated debate about where these29 topoi come from, and how the list was composed. Rubinelli (2009:71-73) suggests that their more or less »universal applicability« may be thecriterion.[11] Which is probably due to the fact that Cicero was selecting and using loci inconjunction with the so-called stasis theory (or issue theory). What is stasistheory? Briefly (and simplified), the orator has to decide what is at stake(why he has to talk and what he has to talk about): 1) whether somethinghappened (or not); 2) what is it that happened; 3) what is the nature/qualityof what happened; 4) what is the appropriate place/authority to discusswhat has happened. And Cicero’s loci »followed« this repartition.[12] It should be emphasized, of course, that DHA is not an argumentationtheory per se, it is just using argumentation (or some parts of it).[13] Our sample analysis is, of course, purely hypothetical.
TOPOI IN CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS73References:Aristotle. (1989). Topica (Transl. by E. S. Forster). Cambridge, Massachusetts: HarvardUniversity Press.Aristotle, (1991). Art of Rhetoric (Transl. by J.H. Freese). Cambridge, Massachusetts:Harvard University Press.Cicero, M. T. (2003). Topica (Transl. by T. Reinhardt). Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.Curtius, R. E. (1990). European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages. New Jersey:Princeton University Press.Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis: the critical study of language.Harlow: Longman.Fairclough, N. (2000). Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press.Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research.London/New York: Routledge.Galasinska, A. and Krzyzanowski, M. (eds.). (2009). Discourse and Transformation inCentral and Eastern Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Kienpointner, M. (1992). Alltagslogik. Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog.Perelman, Ch. and Olbrechts-Tyteca, L. (1983). Traité de l'argumentation. La nouvellerhétorique. Bruxelles: Editions de l'Université de Bruxelles.Reisigl, M. and Wodak, R. (2001). Discourse and Discrimination. Rhetoric of Racismand Antisemitism. London/New York: Routledge.Richardson, J. E. (2004). (Mis)Representing Islam: the racism and rhetoric of BritishBroadsheet newspapers. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Richardson, J. E. and Wodak, R. (2008). The impact of visual racism: Visual argumentsin political leaflets of Austrian and British far-right parties. (Manuscript. Paperpresented at the 2008 Venice Argumentation Conference).Rubinelli, S. (2009). Ars Topica. The Classical Technique of Constructing Argumentsfrom Aristotle to Cicero. Berlin: Springer.Toulmin, S. (1995). The Uses of Argument. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.van Leeuwen, Th. (2004). Introducing Social Semiotics. London/New York:Routledge.van Leeuwen, Th. (2008). Discourse and Practice. New Tools for Critical DiscourseAnalysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.van Leuween, Th. and Kress, G. (2006). Reading Images: The Grammar of VisualDesign. London/New York: Routledge.Wodak, R. (2009). The Discourse of Politics in Action. Basingstoke: PalgraveMacmillan.Wodak, R. and Chilton, P. (eds.). (2005). A New Agenda in (Critical) DiscourseAnalysis. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Wodak, R. and Meyer, M. (eds.). (2006). Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis.London: Sage.Wodak, R. and van Dijk, T. (eds.). (2000). Racism at the Top. Klagenfurt: Drava.Wodak, R., de Cillia, R., Reisigl, M. and Liebhart, K. (1999). The Discursive Constructionof National Identity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
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