Šolsko polje, letnik XX, številka 5-6, 2009: Vloga ... - Pedagoški inštitut

70 ŠOLSKO POLJE LETNIK XX ŠTEVILKA 5/6Grounds,reasons ofevidenceQualifierClaimWarrantRebuttalBackingIt is worth noting that in Toulmin’s diagram, we are dealing with a kind of‘surface’ and ‘deep’ structure: while data and claim stay on the surface, asthey do in everyday communication, the warrant is – presumably becauseof its generality – »under the surface« (like the topos in enthymemes), andusually comes »above the surface« (only) when we try to reconstruct it.And how do we do that, how do we reconstruct a warrant?What is attractive and useful about Toulmin’s theory is the fact that he isoffering a kind of a guided tour to the center of topoi in six steps, not just inthree. All he asks is that you find/identify the claim or the standpoint of thetext or discourse you are researching, and then (mostly for the beginners)he provides a set of five questions that lead you through the process.If we return to our semi-hypothetical example with the topos of actualcosts (of enlargement) (Wodak, 2009: 132-142):1) If a specific action costs too much money, one should perform actionsthat diminish the costs.2) EU enlargement costs too much money.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3) EU enlargment should be stopped/slowed down ...and »translate« it into the Toulmin model, we could get the following: