Å olsko polje, letnik XX, Å¡tevilka 5-6, 2009: Vloga ... - PedagoÅ¡ki inÅ¡titut

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48 ŠOLSKO POLJE LETNIK XX ŠTEVILKA 5/6and pragmatics, I will concentrate on this specific aspect: how topoi (and,consequentially, argumentation theory, are used in DHA as one of themost influential schools of CDA (curiously, other approaches (e.g. Fairclough(1995; 2000; 2003) or van Leeuwen (2004; 2008; van Leeuwen, Kress,2006)) don’t use topoi at all).Within argumentation theory, Wodak continues,»‘topoi’ or ‘loci’ can be described as parts of argumentation which belongto the obligatory, either explicit or inferable premises. They arethe content-related warrants or ‘conclusion rules’ which connectthe argument or arguments with the conclusion, the claim. As such,they justify the transition from the argument or arguments to the conclusion(Kienpointner, 1992: 194).« (Wodak, 2006: 74)We can find the very same definition in Discourse and Discrimination (Reisigland Wodak, 2001: 75), in The Discourse of Politics in Action (Wodak,2009: 42), in Michal Krzyzanowski’s chapter »On the ‘Europeanisation’ ofIdentity Constructions in Polish Political Discourse after 1989«, publishedin Discourse and Transformation in Central and Eastern Europe (Galasinskaand Krzyzanowski, 2009: 102), and in John E. Richardson’s paper(co-authored with R.Wodak) »The Impact of Visual Racism: Visual argumentsin political leaflets of Austrian and British far-right parties« (manuscript,p. 3), presented at the 2008 Venice Argumentation Conference 2 .In addition to the above definition, Richardson (2004: 230) talks of topoi»as reservoirs of generalised key ideas from which specific statementsor arguments can be generated«. Surprisingly, both definitions take theconcept of topos/topoi as something self-evident, generally known andwidely used, as, for example, bread, table, engine, to write, to clean up,and many other everyday obviousnesses.Also, one could wonder about the purpose of the two definitions: aretopoi »content-related warrants« or are they »generalised key ideas«? Becausewarrants are much more than (just) ideas, they demand much moreto be able to secure the transition from an argument to a conclusion thanjust being »generalised ideas« (namely, a certain structure, or mechanism,in the form of an instruction or a rule). While ideas, generalised ideas, lack(at least) a kind of mechanism the warrants seem to poses in order to beable to connect the argument to the conclusion.
TOPOI IN CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS49But, let us proceed one step at a time.In the publications I’ve mentioned above 3 , we get to see the lists(reservoires?) of the(se) topoi. In the chapter »The Discourse-HistoricalApproach« (Wodak, 2006: 74) we read that »the analyses of typical content-relatedargument schemes can be carried out against the backgroundof the list of topoi though incomplete and not always disjunctive«,given in the following table:1. Usefulness, advantage2. Uselessness, disadvantage3. Definition, name-interpretation4. Danger and threat5. Humanitarianism6. Justice7. Responsability8. Burdening, weighting9. Finances10. Reality11. Numbers12. Law and right13. History14. Culture15 Abuse.In Richardson (2008, p. 4) we get exactly the same list of topoi, but thistime they are characterised as »the most common topoi which are usedwhen writing or talking about ‘others’«, specifically about migrants.In The Discourse of Politics in Action (Wodak, 2009: 44) we get the followinglist of »the most common topoi which are used when negotiatingspecific agenda in meetings, or trying to convince an audience ofone’s interests, visions or positions«:1. Topos of Burdening2. Topos of Reality
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Å olsko polje, letnik XX, Å¡tevilka 5-6, 2009: Vloga ... - PedagoÅ¡ki inÅ¡titut

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