Å olsko polje, letnik XX, Å¡tevilka 5-6, 2009: Vloga ... - PedagoÅ¡ki inÅ¡titut

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158 ŠOLSKO POLJE LETNIK <strong>XX</strong> ŠTEVILKA 5/6ontic and the ontological level. It deals with Foucault’s understanding of discourse in hisarchaeological period. It focuses on the paradoxic idea of the regularity of dispersionof the statements within a discursive formation and brings up the problem of how toindividualize different discourse on the empirical level. As an alternative to the foucaultian‘solution’ the contribution offers Laclau’s theory of discourse which abolishes thedichotomy mentioned above. Laclau’s notion of discourse is perceived as an ubiquitoussocial phenomenon while the logic of discursive fields is interpreted through the totalizinginstance of the empty signifier. The central problem of Foucault’s thesis is that, unlikeLaclau, he does not think the relations between discourses as differential relations. Thisin fact makes for Foucault impossible to think the system of discourses on the ontic level.Keywords: discourse, discursive, discursive formation, statement, empty signifierTOPOI IN CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSISIgor Ž. ŽagarTopos (topoi in pl.) is one of the most widely used concepts from classical argumentationtheory (Aristotle, Cicero). It found its way not only in philosophy, sociology, anthropologyand linguistics, it found its way in everyday life and everyday conversation as well.In this article, I will examine the role that topoi play in Critical Discourse Analysis. Startingwith definitions from Aristotle and Cicero, contrasting them with new conceptualisationsby Perelman and Toulmin, and examining the superficial use of topoi in everydayconversation, I will try to show that Critical Discourse Analysis (especially Ruth Wodak’sDiscourse-Historical Approach) relies mostly on simplified, unreflected use of topoi (asfound in everyday use), thus neglecting much more productive, theoretical elaborationsof the concept.Key words: topoi, warrant, rhetoric, argumentation, Critical Discourse AnalysisTOPOSI V KRITIČNI ANALIZI DISKURZAIgor Ž. ŽagarTopos (množinsko topoi, v slovenski različici tudi toposi) je eden od najbolj uporabljanihkonceptov iz klasične teorije argumentacije (Aristotel, Cicero). Uveljavil se je ne le v filozofiji,sociologiji, antropologiji in lingvistiki, temveč tudi v vsakdanjem življenju in konverzaciji.V tem članku bom raziskal vlogo, ki jo toposi igrajo v kritični analizi diskurza. Začenši zdefinicijami Aristotela in Cicerona, primerjavo z novimi konceptualizacijami Perelmanain Toulmina, in osvetlitvijo površinske rabe toposov v vsakdanji konverzaciji bom skušalpokazati, da se kritična analiza diskurza (zlasti diskurzivno historični pristop Ruth Wodak)v glavnem opira na poenostavljeno, nereflektirano rabo toposov (kakršno najdemo v vsakdanjirabi) in s tem zanemarja veliko produktivnejše, teoretske razdelave tega koncepta.Ključne besede: topoi (toposi), utemeljitev, retorika, argumentacija, kritična analiza diskurza.
POVZETKI / ABSTRACTS159NOVINARSKA (RE)PRODUKCIJA ZGODOVINE: TELEVIZIJSKO POKRIVANJEKARADŽIĆEVE ARETACIJE V SRBIJIKarmen Erjavec in Zala VolčičAretacija bivšega političnega in vojaškega voditelja bosanskih Srbov Radovana Karadžića vjuliju 2008 je pritegnila veliko pozornosti mednarodne skupnosti in ponudila priložnostsrbski javnosti in medijem, da razmislijo o vlogi Srbije med jugoslovanskimi vojnami v1990-tih. Karadžić je kot predsednik samooklicane Republike srbske v Bosni in Hercegoviniobtožen genocida in zločinov proti človeštvu, storjenih v letu 1995. Na podlagi kritičnediskurzivne analize (analiza rekontekstualizacije in analiza reprezentacije družbenih akterjev),trdiva, da so novinarji Televizije Srbija pri poročanju o aretaciji Karadžića reproduciralinacionalistični diskurz tako, da so obudili nostalgijo za Veliko Srbijo. Pri tem soprikrili vsako povezavo med Karadžićem kot posameznikom in Srbi na splošno, še posebejpa povezavo sedanje vlade z vojnimi zločini, obenem pa slavili Srbijo kot superiornonacijo, ki napreduje v vstopanju v Evropsko unijo.Ključne besede: zgodovina, nacionalizem, novinarstvo, Televizija Srbija, kritična diskurzivnaanalizaJOURNALISTIC (RE)PRODUCTION OF HISTORY: TELEVIZED COVERAGE OF RA-DOVAN KARADŽIĆ’S ARREST IN SERBIAKarmen Erjavec and Zala VolčičThe arrest of former Bosnian Serb political and military leader Radovan Karadžić in July2008 triggered a wide-spread interest within international community and provided theopportunity for the Serbian public and its media to reflect upon the role of Serbia duringthe 1990s Yugoslav wars. Karadžić was as a president of the self-proclaimed Serbianrepublic within Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was accused for genocide and crimes againsthumanity in 1995. On the basis of critical discourse analysis (the analysis of recontextualizationand the analysis of representation of social actors), we argue that TelevisionSerbia’s journalists, while covering Karadžić’s arrest, reproduced a nationalistic discourseby invoking nostalgia for Greater Serbia in ways that concealed any connection betweenKaradžić specifically, the Serbs in general, and especially the current government withwar crimes in Bosnia and Herzegovina. At the same time this discourse celebrated Serbiaas a superior nation as it progressed toward inclusion in the European Union.Keywords: history, nationalism, journalism, Television Serbia, critical discourse analysisGLAS OBLASTI, KI (VZ)POSTAVLJA DNEVNI RED – VSEBINSKE ZNAČILNOSTIDISKURZA URADA VISOKEGA PREDSTAVNIKA MEDNARODNE SKUPNOSTI VBOSNI IN HERCEGOVINIDanijela MajstorovićV članku skušamo prikazati nekatere značilnosti retorike Urada visokega predstavnikamednarodne skupnosti v BiH med leti 1996-2005. Študija predstavlja model kritične analizediskurza za izbrani korpus (sporočila za javnost), ki temelji na triangulaciji, pri čemerzdružuje in kontekstualizira perspektive mednarodnih odnosov, postkolonialne teorije,vsebinske analize, korpusnega jezikoslovja in tekstualne analize ter obenem podaja
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