addressing climate change adaptation in regional transportation plans

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The crops produced are varied and include almonds, milk, cattle, cotton, oranges,and poultry. Each crop type is likely to react differently to alteration in seasonaltemperature regimes and changes in water availability. It is difficult to specificallyproject the production impact on crops because it relates to many factors inaddition to temperature and precipitation, including pest regimes, availability ofirrigation water, and management practices (Luedeling et al., 2011). The particularaspect of climate change most important to assessing impact also will vary. Inthe case of nut trees, it is the reduction in nighttime cooling that may have themost impact (Luedeling et al., 2011). Jurisdictions reliant on almonds, walnuts,pistachios, or other nuts should specifically evaluate projected changes in dailylow temperatures.As with crops, climate-change impacts on dairy cows depend on a variety offactors. For example, the severity of heat stress, which can influence productivity,is influenced by the following factors (Chase, 2006, p.2):• The actual temperature and humidity• The length of the heat stress period• The degree of night cooling• Ventilation and air flow• The size of the cow• The level of milk production and dry matter intake prior to the heat stress(higher- producing animals will experience greater effects of heat stress)• Housing – type, ventilation, overcrowding, etc.• Water availability• Coat color (lighter color coats absorb less sunlight)The impact of climate change on agricultural productivity has the potentialto alter a community’s economic continuity, including its employmentbase. Communities should work with farm bureaus and other agriculturalorganizations to understand the challenges being faced and support theseorganizations as much as possible. Communities should also consider developingplans that limit the impact of productivity reductions on community operationsand the provision of basic services.Public Health, Socioeconomic, and Equity ImpactsHeat is a contributing factor in the production of ground level ozone, anair pollutant that affects respiratory function. Visalia is a location in the SanJoaquin Valley traditionally high in ozone. Using Visalia and Riverside, two areastraditionally high in ozone, Dreschler et al. (2006) projected that the number ofdays in California with “conditions conducive to ozone” could increase by 25 to80 percent by 2100, “depending on warming scenarios” (Kahrl and Roland-Holst,pg. 105).PAGE 62APG: UNDERSTANDING REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
Inland low-lying areas in California, such as the San Joaquin Valley, reported thegreatest number of heat-related deaths in the 2006 heat wave. The counties inthe Southern Central Valley region have a relatively large number of agriculturalworkers. Extreme heat and temperature-related declines in air quality are likelyto contribute to increased physical strain, respiratory issues, and general healthconditions. Agricultural workers will have increased exposure to heat events andwill be especially at risk of heat illness due to the combination of outdoor workand jobs demanding physical exertion. In addition, farmworker housing may lackair conditioning. Farm employment is one of the top five industries in TulareCounty, and while not registering in the top five employment sectors in theremaining counties, the absolute number of employees involved in agriculture inthis region is significant.Regardless of their occupation, the poor are less likely to have the adaptivecapacity to prevent and address impacts. For instance, Fresno County isconsidered a “high poverty” county (English et. al., 2007). All of the counties inthis region exceed poverty levels of greater than 20 percent of their populations.Households eligible for energy utility financial assistance programs are anindicator of potential impacts. These households may be more at risk of notusing cooling appliances, such as air conditioning, due to associated energy costs.Kings and Tulare counties have moderately high proportions of populationseligible (47 to 55 percent) (English et al., 2007).The foothill areas outside of and between Fresno and Bakersfield may experiencehigher ozone levels and temperatures. Those most vulnerable to high levels ofozone and particulate matter include people who work or spend a lot of timeoutdoors, such as residents of this region who are employees of the touristindustry (Sequoia, Kings Canyon, and Yosemite national parks) in the nearbyNorth Sierra and Southeast Sierra regions.Water SupplyWater supply in this region relies primarily on snowmelt from the Sierra.Climate change is projected to result in a dramatic decrease in snowpack. Thischange will not only limit the availability of water in the warmer summer months,but also may result in flooding during the spring. Precipitation falling as rainrather than snow and/or in intense rainfall events can limit the ability to capturethe water in reservoirs or groundwater.Further threatening local water supply is the vulnerability of the levees protectingthe California Delta. The Delta feeds the State Water Project and CentralValley Project, two key water sources for the region. There is the potentialfor this source to be compromised by catastrophic levee failure (DWR, 2011).APG: UNDERSTANDING REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS PAGE 63
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Addressing Climate Change Adaptatio
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appendix b reportState-of-the-Pract
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State-of-the-Practice Climate Chang
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C A L I F O R N I AADAPTATIONPLANNI
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Adaptation Planning Guide - Advisor
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List of Tables (cont’d.)Table 6.
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Climate Impact RegionsThe APG is or
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APGSTART HERE:PLANNING FOR ADAPTIVE
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What are the designated climate imp
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CA Climate Adaptation Planning Guid
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Page 206 and 207: • Selected Demographic Data. Sele
Page 208 and 209: Cal-Adapt ProjectionsTable 1. Summa
Page 210 and 211: Selected Infrastructure and Regiona
Page 212 and 213: illnesses due to air pollution resu
Page 214 and 215: Additional Resources• Sea level r
Page 216 and 217: Cal-Adapt ProjectionsTable 5. Summa
Page 220 and 221: frequency can harm forests. Large i
Page 222 and 223: Bay Area RegionCounties: Alameda, C
Page 224 and 225: the Sacramento and San Joaquin rive
Page 226 and 227: Table 12. Selected Population Data
Page 228 and 229: Sea level rise is also expected to
Page 230 and 231: Additional Resources• Public Heal
Page 232 and 233: Cal-Adapt ProjectionsTable 13. Summ
Page 236 and 237: Table 16. Selected Population Data
Page 238 and 239: As with crops, climate change impac
Page 240 and 241: Additional Resources• Wildfire Re
Page 242 and 243: elevations, increased static levee
Page 244 and 245: The ecosystem functions of the Delt
Page 246 and 247: Setting and HistoryThe California D
Page 248 and 249: The islands in the lower Bay-Delta
Page 250 and 251: Some of the questions that should b
Page 252 and 253: Southern Central Valley RegionCount
Page 254 and 255: Biophysical CharacteristicsThe west
Page 258 and 259: Communities in this region should e
Page 264 and 265: have the resources to prepare for,
Page 266 and 267: Additional Resources• Sea Level R
Page 272 and 273: Timber practices have also had ecos
Page 274 and 275: Southeast Sierra RegionCounties: Al
Page 276 and 277: Biophysical CharacteristicsThe sout
Page 278 and 279: ultimately result in reduced water
Page 284 and 285: particular concern are populations
Page 286 and 287: Additional Resources• Sea Level R
Page 292 and 293: industry around Big Bear. As there
Page 294 and 295: California Natural Resources Agency
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