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Session 8: Emerging Contaminants Removal The Fate of Bulk Organics and Emerging Contaminants During Soil-Aquifer Treatment Dr. Jörg E. Drewes Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado Dipl.-Ing. Tanja Rauch Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado Introduction Wastewater reuse employing soil-aquifer treatment is becoming an increasingly important strategy for many utilities in the United States and abroad to augment local drinking-water sources where supplies are limited. One major water-quality issue associated with soil-aquifer treatment leading to indirect potable or nonpotable reuse of wastewater effluents is the fate and transport of organic constituents. Effluent-derived bulk organic matter can impair the quality of recovered water by interfering with post-treatment processes, such as coagulation, adsorption, or membrane treatment. Bulk organic matter is also a known precursor for DBPs. The presence of bioavailable organic carbon after soil-aquifer treatment could also increase the microbial regrowth potential in distribution systems. In addition, BOM might be comprised of organic micropollutants, which survive during soil-aquifer treatment and which are associated with potential adverse human health effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the fate and transport of bulk and trace organics present in reclaimed water during soil-aquifer treatment leading to indirect potable reuse. The American Water Works Association Research Foundation and USEPA funded this study. Methodology The fate of organics during soil-aquifer treatment was investigated using controlled biodegradation studies in adapted soil-columns and full-scale infiltration facilities in Arizona and California. The study design followed a watershed-guided approach considering hydraulically corresponding samples of drinking-water sources, soil-aquifer treatment-applied wastewater effluents, and subsequent post-soil-aquifer treatment samples representing a series of different travel times in the subsurface. Extensive characterization of organic carbon in the different samples was performed using state-of-the-art analytical techniques (such as size-exclusion chromatography with online DOC and UV absorbance detection, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis) and biomass/bioactivity measurements (dehydrogenase activity; total viable biomass through phospholipid extraction; substrate induced respiration) to distinguish between primary removal mechanisms (biodegradation versus adsorption). The mechanisms contributing to bulk organic matter removal during initial recharge were Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Jörg E. Drewes Assistant Professor Environmental Science & Engineering Division Colorado School of Mines • Golden, Colorado 80401-1887 USA Phone: (303) 273-3401 • Fax: (303) 273-3413 • Email: jdrewes@mines.edu 159
160 identified by isolating three bulk fractions from treated wastewater effluents: • Hydrophilic carbon (HPI). • Hydrophobic acids (HPO-A). • Colloidal organic matter. HPI and HPO-A were isolated from a domestic secondary effluent by XAD-8 fractionation. Colloidal organic matter was operationally defined as organic matter in the size range of approximately 6,000 Dalton to 1 micrometer and was isolated using dialysis diffusion after a preconcentration using large volume rotary evaporation. Trace organics selected for this study were PhACs and personal care products, as well as selected endocrine disrupting compounds (17β-estradiol, estriol, and testosterone). Pharmaceutical compounds were selected for this study based on their production, per-capita consumption, and occurrence in domestic effluents and surface waters in the United States and Middle Europe. Caffeine has been a well-known PhAC of wastewater origin for more than 20 years. In the category of analgesics/anti-inflammatory drugs, diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, fenoprofen, propyphenazone, meclofenamic acid, and tolfenamic acid were identified. Carbamazepine and primidone were identified as antiepileptic drugs. Pentoxifylline represented a common blood viscosity-affecting agent. Gemfibrozil, clofibric acid, and fenofibrate were selected to represent blood lipid regulators. Organic iodine was used as a surrogate parameter for the detection of X-ray contrast agents (triiodinated benzene derivates such as iopromide and diatrizoate) and their halogenated metabolites. Results Data derived from several soil-aquifer treatment field sites consistently indicate a substantial removal of DOC during travel through the subsurface. At one site employing tertiary treatment prior to recharge, average DOC concentrations of 5.6 mg/L in the tertiary effluent decreased from 5.6 mg/L to approximately 1.45 mg/L in groundwater monitoring wells after traveling 6 to 12 months in the subsurface. At the same time, the specific UV absorbance increased, indicating a preferred removal of aliphatic compound groups within bulk organic matter. Further DOC removal occurred during long-term travel in the subsurface of 1 to 2 years from 1.45 mg/L to approximately 1.1 mg/L. At another site employing only secondary treatment without nitrification prior to recharge, the DOC concentration was efficiently reduced to approximately 2 mg/L after percolating through the vadose zone. The specific UV absorbance increased only slightly from 1.7 liters per milligram and meter (L/mg m) in the secondary treated effluent to 2.0 L/mg m in groundwater samples. These findings pointed to a fast and substantial removal of biodegradable organic carbon during the initial phase of groundwater recharge. The results of spectroscopic investigations generally demonstrated that naturally derived and effluent-derived organic matter after SAT overlap extensively in molecular weight distribution, amount and distribution of hydrophobic and hydrophilic carbon fractions, and chemical characteristics based on elemental analysis and structural analysis; however, the residual portion of DOC contained both effluent-derived organic matter and NOM. Results of this study indicate that during vadose zone treatment, HPI is removed by a combination of physical and biological mechanisms. HPO-A is least efficiently removed of all fractions during soil infiltration. Both adsorption and biotransformation seem to contribute to this removal. Low biomass activity responses in soil-columns fed with HPO-A indicated that these substances are refractory in nature. The fate of effluent-derived colloidal organic matter during groundwater
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2RBF The National Water Research In
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Published by the NATIONAL WATER RES
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Foreword In 1999, the National Wate
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vi 1:30 pm Session 3B: Hydraulic As
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viii 1:15 pm Session 8: Emerging Co
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Acronyms ADA ß-alaninediacetic aci
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Conference Abstracts
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2 conventional treatment train on c
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4 The Louisville Water Company also
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6 Treatment Capital Cost Annual O&M
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8 design engineers needed to addres
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10 Ohio River Pump Station Collecto
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12 Figure 4. Wet/dry tunnel concept
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14 The turbidity of well water is t
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Session 2: Operations Construction
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Land Surface lengths of well screen
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Summary Well systems can be constru
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24 Traditionally, ASR has been used
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26 plans for a pilot-scale bank-fil
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Session 2: Operations Evolution fro
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Today, Cedar Rapids obtains all of
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REFERENCES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The
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36 source of most nitrate detected
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38 Hallberg, G.R., D.G. Riley, J.R.
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40 Two 10-MGD capacity pumps were i
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Session 3: Hydraulic Aspects Pluggi
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iverbed scouring. This analysis sho
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REFERENCES Schafer, D.C. (2003).
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50 TS GWA Tegel TS Wannsee TS Tegel
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52 contains the lowest concentratio
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54 δ 18 O [ 0⁄00 versus Standard
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56 Acknowledgements We would like t
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58 Phase 1 Investigations Once the
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60 pumping is discontinued and the
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Session 4: Siting Water-Quality Man
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Torgau Case Study The highly produc
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The mean concentration in the “mi
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Session 5: Dynamics Using Models to
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source of induced infiltration to t
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affect the amount of contaminant en
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intuitive system behavior. In the c
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entering the well can be carried ou
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Ray, C., T.W. Soong, Y.Q. Lian, and
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82 Riverbank Filtration Near Torgau
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84 drinking-water quality. Drinking
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Session 5: Dynamics Temporal Change
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• Equalization of fluctuating con
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Session 5: Dynamics An Update of th
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Session 5: Dynamics On Bank Filtrat
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Figure 2. Streamlines for two wells
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well galleries near the Unterhavel
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Dinner Presentation Hydraulic Sensi
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conductivity k (especially of the r
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parameter value: Figure 6. Initial
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Keynote Presentation Riverbank Filt
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esulted in a significant improvemen
Page 126 and 127: Fritz, B. (2002). Uferfiltration un
Page 128 and 129: Session 6: Microorganisms Using Mic
Page 130 and 131: was independent of finished water t
Page 132 and 133: Session 6: Microorganisms Transport
Page 134 and 135: Session 6: Microorganisms Laborator
Page 136 and 137: Cryptosporidium are unreliable, lab
Page 138 and 139: Pathogen Concentration (pathogens/1
Page 140 and 141: Session 6: Microorganisms Fate of D
Page 142 and 143: treatment train optimized for turbi
Page 144 and 145: Acknowledgements We gratefully ackn
Page 146 and 147: Session 6: Microorganisms Assessmen
Page 148 and 149: screens along the entire lateral le
Page 150 and 151: Table 3. Average Distribution of Ri
Page 152 and 153: Location Number of Sampling Events
Page 154 and 155: Session 7: Organics Removal Riverba
Page 156 and 157: uncontaminated groundwater could le
Page 158 and 159: Sacher, F., H.-J. Brauch, and W. K
Page 160 and 161: Session 7: Organics Removal Organic
Page 162 and 163: TOC (mg/L) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Site 1
Page 164 and 165: Conclusions RBF is very effective i
Page 166 and 167: Lunch Presentation Potential Uses o
Page 168 and 169: Session 8: Emerging Contaminants Re
Page 170 and 171: H 3C O O N N H3C N CH3 Cl AMDOPH Be
Page 174 and 175: Results and Conclusion The Santa An
Page 178 and 179: echarge is not well understood. Our
Page 182 and 183: The MS conditions were as follows:
Page 184 and 185: Session 9: Public Policy and Regula
Page 186 and 187: FEET 1,000 900 800 700 600 VERTICAL
Page 188 and 189: The surficial aquifers in Midwester
Page 194 and 195: that multiple samples should be eva
Page 196 and 197: turbidity. Endospores, Giardia, Cry
Page 198 and 199: Session 9: Public Policy and Regist
Page 200 and 201: For the first phase of the Dyje Pro
Page 202 and 203: Concentration mg.l 1 60 50 40 30 20
Page 204 and 205: Session 11: Case Studies “Lessons
Page 206 and 207: Concentration (mg/L) 35 30 25 20 15
Page 208 and 209: REFERENCE Koterba, M.T, F.D. Wilde,
Page 212 and 213: REFERENCES Laszlo , F., and Z. Homo
Page 216 and 217: Figure 2. A sketch of the study are
Page 218 and 219: By analyzing the δ 15 N-NO 3 of si
Page 222 and 223: Microbial growth was weak in all la
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Objectives The aim of the study was
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6000 4000 2000 Suspended Solids (mg
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REFERENCES American Public Health A
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Session 11: Case Studies “Lessons
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