ISSN: 2250-3005 - ijcer

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International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 8HLR(4)VLR(5)(6)MSC(3)(2)(1)CellRegistration area boundaryBase stationFigure 2: Location registrationStep 6: The old Mobile Switching Center removes the record for the mobile terminal at its associated Visitor LocationRegister and sends a cancellation acknowledgment message to the Home Location Register.The IS-41 call delivery scheme is outlined as follows (Fig. 3)HLR(5) (2) (4)CellVLR(1)(3)MSCCallingmobileterminalBase stationCalled mobileterminalFigure 3: Call deliveryStep 1: The calling mobile terminal sends a call initiation signal to its serving Mobile Switching Center through the nearbybase station.Step 2: The Mobile Switching Center of the calling mobile terminal sends a location request message to the Home LocationRegister of the mobile terminal.Step 3: The Home Location Register determines the current serving Mobile Switching Center of the called mobile terminaland sends a route request message to this Mobile Switching Center.Step 4: The Mobile Switching Center determines the cell location of the called mobile terminal and assigns a temporarylocation directory number to the called mobile terminal. The Mobile Switching Center then sends this Temporary LocationDirectory Number to the Home Location Register.Step 5: The Home Location Register sends the Temporary Location Directory Number to the Mobile Switching Center of thecalling mobile terminal. The calling Mobile Switching Center can now set up a connection to the called Mobile SwitchingCenter through the PSTN.||Issn 2250-3005(online)|| ||December||2012|| Page 247
International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 8IS-41 and Global System for Mobile standards imply centralized approach, which has some disadvantages: Since everylocation request as well as location registration is serviced through an Home Location Register, it becomes overloaded. Dueto the above reason, traffic on the links leading to the Home Location Register is heavy, which increases time required toestablish connection to the mobile host. Any Home Location Register system failure causes all mobiles registered with HomeLocation Register to be unreachable even though mobile host may be roaming and away from Home Location Registerregion. Thus Home Location Register is a single point of failure in the network.4. Modified HLR/VLR Scheme:In conventional approach when a Mobile Terminal moves from one LA to another LA, which are served by differentVisitor Location Register s, for registration of Mobile Terminal at new Visitor Location Register a signal message istransferred to Home Location Register from it, which sends a signal message to old Visitor Location Register to deregisterthe Mobile Terminal and upon getting an acknowledgement of De-registration from old Visitor Location Register, HomeLocation Register acknowledges to new Visitor Location Register for registration. This De-registration method is referred toas explicit de-registration. The explicit De-registration scheme may produce significant signaling traffic in the network andrequire many accesses to the database involved. Due to the increasing number of mobile subscribers, the access rate to theHome Location Register and the Visitor Location Registers is expected to be very high and the databases could possiblybecome the bottle-neck of the future mobile systems.Implicit De-registration and timeout/polling deregistration were proposed to reduce signaling traffic and databaseload due to deregistration. But the comparative study done by Z. Mao, it has been found that by using group deregist rationstrategy deregistration cost can be reduced significantly. Since this strategy reduces the cost of message transferring as we llas database operation which will ultimately reduce total cost of location management. In modified HLR-VLR scheme we tryto ignore explicit De-registration message to old Visitor Location Register and its acknowledgement to Home LocationRegister. Hence when new Vis itor Location Register finds a new mobile unit it simply sends a message to Home LocationRegister which acknowledges the new Visitor Location Register to register it. So signal no. 5 & 6 of fig. 3 can be avoided.5. Multi HLR Architecture Scheme In PCS Network:In conventional HLR-VLR scheme, De-registration of a Mobile Terminal from a Visitor Location Register is alwaysexplicit. Explicit in the sense that stale entries of Visitor Location Register s are removed with the help of Home LocationRegister. Actually Home Location Register sends De-registration message to the Visitor Location Register to remove thestale entries when a Mobile Terminal changes its Visitor Location Register. This explicit De-registration increases the totalcost by increasing the traffic load. To reduce the traffic load following De-registration strategies were proposed [2].(A) Distance Based De-registration Scheme.(B) Time-Based De-registration Scheme.(C) Polling-Based De-registration Scheme.(D) Group De-registration Scheme.(E) Movement-Based De-registration Scheme.Performance analysis of De-registration strategies in Personal Communication Network shows that the group deregistrationscheme is best scheme among time and polling based de-registration schemes.In the proposed architecture, we have several HLRs zone wise or circle wise instead of a single Home LocationRegister. It reduces the storage overhead of the Home Location Register. Each Home Location Register can serve more thanone Visitor Location Register and each Visitor Location Register can serve more than one RAs. Simply we can say that thisarchitecture contains several conventional HLR-VLR architectures. For each Mobile Terminal we define two types of HLRs:a resident-HLR and a serving-HLR. Resident-HLR is the Home Location Register where Mobile Terminal often resides.While on move, it can enter into the RA being served by another Home Location Register (serving-HLR). When MobileTerminal will be served by the Home Location Register other than resident- Home Location Register, we will refer it asroaming. In the proposed architecture we define following types of move as:5.1 Intra-VLR-Resident-HLR Move:In this type of move, the Mobile Terminal changes its RA and the new RA is still being served by the same VisitorLocation Register. The serving Visitor Location Register is being served by the resident-HLR. Now it is obvious that thelocation update is taking place only at Visitor Location Register not at resident-HLR.Intra-VLR-Resident-HLR move is shown in fig (4). An Mobile Terminal residing in registration area RA1 moves toanother registration area RA2. RA1& RA2 a re being served by the same Visitor Location Register, VLR1. The VLR1 isbeing served by the resident-HLR. Due to movement of Mobile Terminal, this location update is changed at VLR1 not atresident-HLR||Issn 2250-3005(online)|| ||December||2012|| Page 248
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