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International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 89. CONCLUSIONThe method which we adopted provides adequate information about the awareness level of the subject. Resultsobtained using our method was supported by the neurologists. To improve the performance further we will study thepossibilities of implementing algorithm of adaptive filter to this system.The proposed method can be used as a safety measurein railways, airways, and roadways to measures the consciousness level of the pilot/ driver.REFERENCES[1]. Computer Standards & Interfaces, Volume 33, Issue 2, February 2011, Pages 136–141, XVI IMEKO TC4 Symposium"Exploring New Frontiers of Instrumentation and Methods for Electrical and Electronic Measurements" and XIIIInternational Workshop on ADC Modelling and Testing Consciousness and Cognition, Volume 18, Issue 1, March2009, Pages 56–64[2]. American Academy of Neurology Foundation. 1080 Montreal Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55116. Web site:http://www.neurofoundation.com/[3]. American Society of Neurophysiological Monitoring. PO Box 60487, Chicago, IL 60660–0487. Web site:http://www.asnm.org/.[4]. Journal article: University of Victoria, ELEC 499A Report.[5]. National Instruments, LabVIEW Digital Filter Design Toolkit User Manual[6]. B. B.Winter and J. G.Webster, ―Reduction of interference due to common mode voltage in bio-potential amplifiers,‖IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering[7]. Streams and consciousness: visual awareness and the brain Original Research Article Trends in Cognitive Sciences,Volume 2, Issue 1, 1 January 1998, Pages 25-30A.David Milne[8]. The dreaming brain/mind, consciousness and psychosis Original Research Article Consciousness and Cognition,Volume 20, Issue 4, December 2011, Pages 987-992Ivan Limosani, Armando D‘Agostino, Maria Laura Manzone, Silvio Scarone[9]. A theoretical basis for standing and traveling brain waves measured with human EEG with implications for anintegrated consciousness Original Research Article Clinical Neurophysiology, Volume 117, Issue 11, November2006,Pages2424-2435Paul L. Nunez, Ramesh Srinivasa[10]. Decoding visual consciousness from human brain signals Original Research Article Trends in Cognitive Sciences,Volume 13, Issue 5, May 2009, Pages 194-202 John-Dylan Haynes[11]. Mapping Human Cognition: Thinking, Numerical Abilities, Theory of Mind, Consciousness Brain Mapping: TheSystems, 2000, Pages 523-534 Marco Iacobon[12]. Towards the networks of the brain: from brain imaging to consciousness Original Research Article Neural Networks,Volume 12, Issues 7–8, October–November 1999, Pages 943-959 J.G. Taylor[13]. Consciousness and metarepresentation: A computational sketch Original Research Article Neural Networks, Volume20, Issue 9, November 2007, Pages 1032-1039 Axel Cleeremans, Bert Timmermans, Antoine Pasqual[14]. Signal detection theory, the exclusion failure paradigm and weak consciousness—Evidence for the access/phenomenaldistinction? Original Research Article Consciousness and Cognition, Volume 18, Issue 2, June 2009, Pages 551-560Elizabeth Irvine[15]. Emotional consciousness: A neural model of how cognitive appraisal and somatic perception interact to producequalitative experience Original Research Article Consciousness and Cognition, Volume 17, Issue 3, September 2008,Pages 811-834 Paul Thagard, Brandon AubieIssn 2250-3005(online) December| 2012 Page 7
International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 8Flue Gas Analysis of a Small-Scale Municipal Solid Waste-Fired SteamGenerator1, A. J. Ujam, 2, F. Eboh1, Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Enugu state University of Science and Technology (ESUT),Enugu, Nigeria.2, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michael Okpara University ofAgriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria.AbstractFlue gas analysis of a small-scale municipal solid waste-fired steam generator has been presented in this work.The analysis was based on the selected design parameters: operating steam pressure of 10 bar, with fuel consumption rateof 500 Kg/h and combustion chamber which utilizes mass burn incineration using water wall furnace. The plant isdesigned as a possible option for thermal utilization of rural and urban wastes in Nigeria. The average daily generation ofMSW was considered in order to assess the availability of the material. The data were collected from Enugu State WasteManagement Authority (ENSWAMA).This was calculated based on the state population, urbanization andindustrialization strengths. Calculation of calorific value of the waste to determine the heat contents was carried out usingtwo methods: Bomb calorimeter and Dulong‟s formula. Some samples of the garbage were analyzed with bombcalorimeter in the National Centre For Energy Research & Development Laboratory, University of Nigeria Nsukka. Thisis important because it a direct measure of the temperature requirements that the specific waste will place on the system.The calorific values obtained from this analysis were 12572.308 KJ/kg, 14012.05 KJ/kg, 21833.26 KJ/kg and 20551.01KJ/kg for paper products, woods, plastics and textiles waste respectively, while the energy content obtained from theelemental composition of waste using Dulong‟s formula was 15,101 KJ/kg .The maximum temperature of the furnaceattained from the energy balance based on this value around the combustion chamber was 833.7 K and the amount of airrequired per kg of MSW was 8.66kgKeywords: Solid-Waste, Steam, Temperature, Pressure, Flue gas, Calorific Value, Excess air, Moisture Content, Exergy,Energy, Combustion.1. IntroductionAs a result of high carbon dioxide, CO2emission from thermal energy conversion of fossil fuels which is one ofthe major causes of the greenhouse effect, boiler technologies based on biomass conversion represent a great potential toreduce CO2emission since they are based on the utilization of renewal energy source.Furthermore, since conventionalenergy sources are finite and fast depleting and energy demand is on the increase, it is necessary for scientists andengineers to explore alternative energy sources, such as municipal solid waste (MSW).Biomass is abundantly available onthe earth in the form of agricultural residues, city garbage, cattle dung, but is normally underutilized. For an efficientutilization of these resources, adequate design of municipal solid waste- fired steam boiler is necessary in order to extractheat produced in the combustion of waste, considering the calculated high calorific value of MSW and the availability ofthis material around us. The environmental benefits of biomass technologies are among its greatest assets. Globalwarming is gaining greater acceptance in the scientific community. There appears now to be a consensus among theworld‟s leading environmental scientists and informed individuals in the energy and environmental communities thatthere is a discernable human influence on the climate; and that there is a link between the concentration of carbon dioxide(one of the greenhouse gases) and the increase in global temperatures.Appropriate utilization of Municipal Solid Waste when used can play an essential role in reducing greenhousegases, thus reducing the impact on the atmosphere. In addition, some of the fine particles emitted from MSW arebeneficial. Bottom and fly ash are being mixed with sludge from brewery‟s wastewater effluent treatment in a compostingprocess, thus resulting in the production of a solid fertilizer. The possibility of selling the bottom and fly ash to theceramics industry is also being considered, which increases the potentials of MSW fired steam boiler. S.O. Adefemi etal [1] in their work on this subject correlated the concentration of heavy metals in roots of plant from Igbaletere (in Nigeria)dump site with the concentration of heavy metals in the soil samples from the dump site. A. B. Nabegu [2] found out thatIssn 2250-3005(online) November| 2012 Page 8
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