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s'g} a]nf >L kz'kltgfydf ;d]t k~rdsf/ k"hfx'GYof] . oxfF alnsf] ef]u;lxt k"hf x'g] ub{Yof] eg]/Oltxf;ljb\x¿sf] bfjL 5 . dgdfg]Zj/L dlGb/leq/x]sf] dfg]Zj/ lzjlnËsf] k"hf sdf{rfo{x¿af6 x'g]ub{5 . dfg]Zj/ lzjlnËnfO{ e}/j :j¿kdf alnsf]ef]u lbO{ k"hf–cf/fwgf ug]{ ul/G5 . lzjlnËnfO{ ef]ulbO;s]kl5 rf/hgf k'/f]lxt sdf{rfo{n] aln lbOPsf]hGt'sf] df;'sf 6'qmfx¿ o1df cfx'lt lbPkZrft\ dfqb]jL dgdfg]Zj/Lsf] k"hf x'g] ub{5 ./fhf hol:ylt dNnn] dfg]Zj/nfO{ dfg]Zj/L,kmlk{Ësf] emf]06]Zj/nfO{ emf]06]Zj/L / g'jfsf]6sf]e}/jnfO{ g'jfsf]6sf] e}/jLdf kl/0ft u/]sf lyP eg]O6'Daxfnl:yt lj=;+= !$#( sf] hol;+x/fdj4{gsf]clen]vdf >Ldfg]Zj/sf] j/ kfPsf] egL pNn]v 5 ./fhf hob]jsf] sfndf g} dfg]Zj/ dlGb/sf] gfdaf6u|fdsf] gfd ;d]t dfg]Zj/ u|fd k|Voft\ eO;s]sf] lyof] ./fhf g/]Gb|b]jsf] oËfnlx6Lsf] lznfn]vdf …dfg]Zj/u|fdÚ eg]/ :ki6 pNn]v ePaf6 dfg]Zj/ u|fd tTsfnLg;dodf w]/} k|ltli7t /x]sf] a'lemG5 ./fhf ch'{gb]jn] cfkm"nfO{ …>L dfg]Zj/sf] j/k|;fb¿kL cd[tn] kl/k"0f{ z/L/ ePsf]Ú egL pNn]vu/]sf 5g\ . oIf dNnn] lognfO{ g]kfnsf k|frLg Oi6b]jLdfg]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L g} sf7df8f}F, eQmk'/, nlntk'/sf/fhfx¿n] dgdfg]Zj/Lsf] cfzLjf{b k|flKtsf nfluwfld{s cg'i7fgx¿ u/]sf] kfOG5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx,uLjf{0fo'4 ljqmd zfx, ;'/]Gb| zfxsf] /fHosfndf ;d]tlnR5lj / dNn /fhfsf s'nb]jL, Oi6b]jLsf] kj{ k"hf,/fhf ch'{gb]jn] cfkm"nfO{ …>Ldfg]Zj/sf] j/ k|;fb?kL cd[tn]kl/k"0f{ z/L/ ePsf]Ú egL pNn]vu/]sf 5g\ . oIf dNnn] lognfO{g]kfnsf k|frLg Oi6b]jL dfg]sf]kfOG5 . o;/L g} sf7df8f}F, eQmk'/,nlntk'/sf /fhfx?n] dgdfg]Zj/Lsf]cfzLjf{b k|flKtsf nflu wfld{scg'i7fgx? u/]sf] kfOG5 .k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx, uLjf{0fo'4 ljqmdzfx, ;'/]Gb| zfxsf] /fHosfndf ;d]tlnR5lj / dNn /fhfsf s'nb]jL,Oi6b]jLsf] kj{ k"hf, lgTo k"hf ug{hUuf 5'6\ofO{ /fhu'7Ldfkm{t k"hf–cf/fwgf x'g] ul/Psf] lyof] .lgTo k"hf ug{ hUuf 5'6\ofO{ /fhu'7Ldfkm{t k"hf–cf/fwgfx'g] ul/Psf] lyof] .lj=;+= !&^( sf] O6'Daxfnleqsf] lznfn]vcg';f//fhf efis/ dNnn] dgdfg]Zj/Lsf] s[kfn] ;j{q sLlt{km}lnPsf] egL tf/fjg dxfljxf/df rfFbLsf] d"lt{ agfO{k|lti7flkt ug'{sf ;fy} sf7df8f}F cf]daxfnsf] r}TohL0ff]{4f/ u/]sf lyP . /fhf huHho dNnn] lj=;+=!&() df xg'dfg 9f]sfleq tn]h' dlGb/sf] tnblIf0ftkm{ /fv]sf] lznf:tDedf dgdfg]Zj/L b]jLnfO{…j/nAw k|;fb b]jL:odfgdfgf]GxftÚ eg]sf 5g\ eg]hok|sfz dNnn] gGb/fh h}zLnfO{ tfd|kq u/L hUuflbFbf …>Ldgdfg]Zj/Li6 b]jtf j/nAwÚ egL pNn]v u/]sf5g\ . of]uk|sfz dNnsf] d[To'kl5 u2Ldf a;]sf lji0f'dNnsf] uf]qf]rf/;DaGwL kqdf …>Ldfg]Zj/Li6 b]jtfÚegL pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .dgsf] OR5f k"/f ug]{ dgdfg]Zj/Lsf] bz{gkl5uf]/vfsf] dgsfdgf / sf7df8f}Fsf] afnfh'df /x]sf]dgd}h'sf] bz{g ug'{kb{5 eGg] hg>'lt kfOG5 . o;kl5dfq k'0o ldNg] s'/f hgdfg;df JofKt 5 .ho u'?b]j ¤eujfg\ lzj ljz]if 23

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;Togfy a|Ådf eGg'x'G5– ‘x] /fhlif{, k|f0fLx¿nfO{ ef]udf]If lbgsf] nflu eujfg\n] k~re"taf6 hlt klg e"tk|f0fL pTkGg u/]sf 5g\, of] pgsf] dfof xf] . hLjcGt/fTdfsf] Hof]ltsf] k|sfzaf6 k|sflzt OlGb|ox¿åf/fljifo ju{sf] pkof]u ub}{ z/L/df d x'F, OlGb|odf d x'FegL o:tf] h;n] hfGb5, dfGb5, oxL eujfg\sf] dfofxf] . sd]{lGb|oaf6 sd{ u/L ;'v, b'Mv cflb ef]u ub}{cufl8 a9\g] k|f0fLx¿ af/Daf/ hGd lnG5g\, db{5g\t/ d'lQm k|fKt ub}{gg\, of] eujfg\sf] dfof xf] . k|nosf];do cfpgfn] ;o jif{;Dd lg/Gt/ cgfj[li6 x'G5 . ;x;|;"o{ k|sflzt x'G5 . km]l/ ;o jif{;Dd lgv+lR5lqtofxl/t z'08;dfg hnwf/faf6 d]3 jlif{G5 h;af6 ljZjhndUg x'G5 . k[YjL hndf nLg x'G5 . t]h jfo'dfnLg x'G5 . jfo' cfsfzdf nLg x'G5 . cfsfz tfd;cx°f/df nLg x'G5 . OlGb|ox¿;Fu a'l4 /fh; cx°f/dfnLg x'G5 . OlGb|o / dgsf] b]jtf ;flTjs cx°f/dfnLg x'G5 . cx°f/ dxQŒjdf nLg x'G5 . dxQŒjk|s[ltdf nLg x'G5, OToflb oxL lqu'0ffTds ;d:t ;+;f/eujfg\sf] dfof xf] .gfy l;4 ;Gtf]ifgfy pkb]z k|;·of]u]Zj/ ;Togfysf] pQ/kl5 k'gM /fhf lgdL k|Zgug'{x'G5– ‘x] l;4 xf] ¤ ljifojf;gfaf6 a4 hLjn] o;sf]dfofaf6 s;/L 5'6sf/f k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ 4f, u'?df eujb\a'l4,b'isd{, jfbljjfbsf]kl/Tofu, j]blj?4dltsf] lt/:sf/,>'lt ;+jfbaf6 k|fKt:d[ltx¿sf] k/LIff,lgTo wd{sf] lrGtg, ldtefifL, Joy{ nfeaf6 lj/lQm,k|f0ffofddf k/fo0ftf, OlGb|ox¿sf] lgu|x, dgsf]jzLs/0f / eujfg\sf] hGd, sd{, u'0fsf] lgTo >j0ftyf >]i7 sd{sf] cfr/0f OToflb cgjB sd{ u'?af6l;Sg'kb{5 / ljk/Lt s'/fx¿sf] Tofu ug'{kb{5 . o1,bfg, j|t, pkjf;, hk, tk, ;bfrf/ tyf cGo j}lbssd{sf] cg'z/0f ug'{kb{5 / u'¿k|bQ k|flKt ljlwaf6eujfg\sf] r/0fdf ck{0f ug'{kb{5 .:qL, k'q, wg, aGw' u[xflb ;d:tnfO{ eujb\k|bQk|;fb 7fgL oyf;do pkof]u ug'{kb{5 . klxn] :yfj/klg pgdf, h·d klg pgdf, dg'io klg pgdf, wd{;]jLeujt\eQm klg pgdf eGg] dfgL of]uLZj/sf] O{Zj/a'l4n] ;]jf ug'{kb{5 h;af6 eujfg\df tGdotf x'G5 .ha o;k|sf/sf] k/felQmaf6 eujfg\df tGdotf x'G5ta tL eQmx¿ eujfg\sf] bz{g lagf cfÇgf] dGbefUohfgL lwSsfb}{ ?g yfNb5g\ . sxLF eQmjT;n eujfg\elQmsf] jzdf x'G5g\, o:tf] ;f]rL k|k'mNn x'Fb} xfF:b5 teujfg\ lzj ljz]if 31

s'g} a]nf cft{h:tf] pRr:j/n] lrTsf/ ub{5 . sbflrt\k/dfgGbaf6 v'zL eO{ gfRb5 t s'g}a]nf eujfg\sf]Wofgdf lgdUg eO{ :yf0f';dfg lgZrn x'G5 . o;k|sf/eujfg\sf eQm dfofaf6 tb{5g\ .gfy l;4 crngfy pkb]z k|;·/fhf lgdLn] rf}yf of]uZj/ ;Gtf]ifgfysf] pQ/;'lg;s]kl5 k'gM k|Zg ug' {x'G5, ‘x] cjw"t ¤ a|Ådsf] s'g:j¿k 5 < a|Ådf, ;bflzj, gf/fo0f, eujfg\, k/dfTdf,cflbgfy, O{Zj/, uf]/If OToflb zAbx¿sf] cy{ Pp6} xf]jf km/s–km/s 5g\ < ;lj:tf/ aofg ul/lbg'xf];\ .’/fhf lgdLsf] o:tf] k|Zg ;'gL k~rd of]u]Zj/crngfy eGg'x'G5, ‘x] ljb]x/fh ¤ Ps} a|Åd g} ljleGg;DaGwdf ljleGg :j¿kdf x'Fbf leGg h:tf] nfUb5 .h;n] ;[li6 ub{5 p;nfO{ ;|i6f elgG5, To:t} h;n] /Iffub{5 pxfF uf]/If x'g'x'G5 . h;n] ;+xf/ ug'{x'G5, pxfFx/ x'g'x'G5, hf] JofKt x'g'x'G5 pxfF g} lji0f' x'g'x'G5 .h;n] ‘z+’df sNof0f ug'{x'G5 pxfF g} z+s/ x'g'x'G5 .h;df hut\ ;'Tb5, pxfF lzj x'g'x'G5 . hf] ljz]if u/Llj/fhdfg\ x'g'x'G5 pxfF g} lj/f6\ x'g'x'G5 . ‘z+’ ;'vh;df x'G5 pxfF zDe' x'g'x'G5 . hf] k|f0fLx¿sf zf;s32x'g'x'G5 pxfF O{Zj/ x'g'x'G5 . h;n] ?jfpg'x'G5 pxfF ?b|x'g'x'G5 . h;n] hutsf] gfz ug'{x'G5 pxfF zj{ x'g'x'G5 .hf] ;dy{ x'g'x'G5, pxfF O{zfg x'g'x'G5 . sd{kmn ef]Ug]hLj kz' x'G5g\ . pgLx¿sf kfns kz'klt x'g'x'G5 .1fgsf klt kz'klt x'g'x'G5 . hf] e"t–k|f0fLx¿sf] O{zx'g'x'G5 pxfF e"t]z x'g'x'G5 . hf] dxfg\ O{Zj/ x'g'x'G5pxfF dx]Zj/ x'g'x'G5 . hf] k|f0fLx¿sf] k| ]/s x'g'x'G5 pxfFk|e' x'g'x'G5 . h;df ;+;f/ ;dflxt 5 pxfF ej x'g'x'G5 .ljljw gfd¿kdf JofKt h;n] qmL8f ug'{x'G5 pxfF b]jx'g'x'G5 . hf] dxfg\ b]j x'g'x'G5 pxfF dxfb]j x'g'x'G5 .hf] JofKt 5 ToxL cfTdf xf] . hf] k/d O{Zj/ x'g'x'G5pxfF k/d]Zj/ x'g'x'G5 . if8}Zjo{ eu x'G5, eujfnf g}eujfg\ x'g'x'G5 . kmnnfO{ gf/f elgG5, gf/f cogk"j{lgjf; h;sf] 5 pxfF gf/fo0f x'g'x'G5 . hf] ] ;jf{Gtdf z]if/xg'x'G5 pxfF z]if x'g'x'G5 . Xbodf udg /xg] g} OGb|x'g'x'G5 . z/L/leq hf] zog u/]sf 5g\ pg} k'?if x'g\ .h;n] cfk"m;Fu ldng x'g]x¿nfO{ qf0f ub{5g\ pg} ldqx'g\, h;n] hutsf] j/0f ub{5g\ pg} j?0f x'g\ . h;n]hLjsf] lgodg ub{5g\ pg} od x'g\ . bx/fsfzdf h;n]udg ub{5g\ pg} dftl/Zjf x'g\ . h;n] ;d:t g/x¿nfO{cfk"mdf lng'x'G5 pxfF j}Zjfg/ x'g'x'G5 . h'g ;j{q hfG5ToxL jfo' xf], h;n] ;jf]{Rr kbdf n}hfG5 Tof] clUgxf] . hf] P]Zjo{jfg\ x'g'x'G5, h;n] cfzL{jfbaf6 sNof0fug' {x'G5 pxfF gfy x'g'x'G5 . hf] nf]ssf] gfy x'g'x'G5 pxfFnf]sgfy x'g'x'G5 . h;df ;a} nf]s l:yt 5 pxfF j;'x'g'x'G5 . j;'¿kL b]j g} j;'b]j xf] . j;'b]j g} jf;'b]jxf] . hf] ljZjsf] ljwfg wf/0f ug'{x'G5 pxfF ljwftfx'g'x'G5 . h;df of]uLx¿ /d0f ub{5g\ pxfF /fd x'g'x'G5 .hf] k/a|Åd x'g'x'G5 pxfF a|Ådf x'g'x'G5 . o;k|sf/ Psk/d]Zj/nfO{ gfgf sfo{e]bx¿n] ubf{ ljleGg gfdx¿dflg?lQm ul/G5 t/ jf:tljs ¿kdf s'g} e]b 5}g . hf]hLjsf] hfu[t, :jKg / ;'if'lKtdf ;fIfLsf] ¿kdf /xG5ToxL a|Åd xf] . h'g ;dflwdf k/dHof]lt 5 ToxL g}a|Åd xf] . h;/L :k'mln·n] ‘dxflUg’nfO{ k|sflzt ug{;Sb}gg\ t/ cfTdfb]lv k|sflzt x'G5 . hxfFaf6 j]b klgdgsf] ;fy hfG5g\ ToxfF OlGb|ox¿sf] s] xfnt xf]nf 'ltdf}g a;]sf] 5 . ;+;f/ h'g :y"n 5 / h'g ;"Id 5 ToxLa|Åd xf] lsgls ;a}sf] d"n sf/0f a|Åd xf] . cgGtzlQm ePsf]n] Ps g} cg]s k|sf/ k|tLt x'G5 . cfTdfg hGdG5, g a9\5, g kl/0ft x'G5, g IfL0f g} x'G5, gt gi6 g} x'G5 lsgls t?0ftf Pj+ j[4tf z/L/sf] wd{xf], g ls cfTdfsf] . cfTdf g} ;a}sf] cfgGbsf] bftfxf] . ho u'?b]j .uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ df3

k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jsf]cjt/0f ofqfcfbz{ u[x:y Pj+ ljzfn Xbosf :jfdLdnfO{ ls+s/ :jfdLsf] k+lQm ;Demgf eO/xG5 . pgn] eg]sf lyPls lglvnHo"df c? cËx¿ 5g\ ls 5}gg\, yfxf 5}g . t/ hxfF;DddnfO{ nfU5, pxfFsf] ;f/f z/L/df Xbo g} Xbo el/Psf] 5 .hf8f]sf] lbg lyof] . xfjf rNgfn] lr;f] ylkFb} lyof] . k|ftMe|d0f u/L u'?b]j / dftfhL kms{Fb} x'g'x'GYof] . af6f]df u'?b]jnfO{e]6\g sfgk'/sf Pshgf wgf9\o /flt hf]wk'/ cfOk'u]5g\ / xf]6]ndfa;]5g\ . pgL laxfg rfF8} g} u'?b]jnfO{ e]6\g pxfFsf] 3/df cfP .u'?b]j k|ftM e|d0fdf hfg'ePsf] yfxf kfP/ u'?b]j hfg' ePlt/ g}pgL klg nfu] . u'?b]j;Fu af6f]df pgsf] e]6 eof] . pgn] u'?b]jsf]nflu Pp6f dxËf] zn -Rofb/_ NofPsf lyP . af6f]df u'?b]jsf]r/0f :kz{ u/L pgn] Tof] zn u'?b]jnfO{ cf]9fOlbP .3/sf] glhs} Pshgf levf/L hf8f]n] sfFKb} dflu/x]sf] lyof] .z/L/df wf]tLafx]s RofltPsf] s'tf{ dfq lyof] p;sf] . u'?b]jnfO{b]Vg] lalQs} p;n] af]nfof]— ‘bftf kl08tHo" ¤’ u'?hLn] o;f] p;nfO{x]g'{eof] clg cl3 cfkm"nfO{ cf]9fOlbPsf] Rofb/ sfFwaf6 lgsfnLTo; levf/LnfO{ cf]9fO{ s]xL gaf]nL lxF8\g'eof] . ;]7hL kfgL–kfgLeP . sqf] dxfgtf, sqf] pbf/tf, slt Tofu, slt lg:k[xtf ¤ oqf]ljzfn Xbosf :jfdL x'g'x'G5 u'?b]j ¤olt 7"nf] ljzfn 1fgsf] ;d'b|sf] kQf] kfpg ;Dej g} 5}g .olt pRr lj/f6\ JolQmTjn] cfkm\gf] hLjg ;fgf] 3/df latfpg'eof] .h;sf] ;Dk"0f{ a|Ådf08df ult 5, To; of]uLn] Pp6f uf8Ldf a;]/ljr/0f ug'{eof] . olt ;fbf hLjg, olt ljzfn Xbon] cfh xfdLnfO{ljl:dt ul/lbG5 . t/ ;To t ;To g} xf] . k"Ho u'?b]jsf] u[x:ykIf b]Vbf t cfZro{ nfU5 . pxfFn] v]nk9 ug'{eof], Pd=P= ug'{eof]clg lk=Pr=8L= u/]/ ljZjljBfnodf k|f]km];/ x'g'eof], ljefufWoIfaGg'eof] . pxfFsL kTgL x'g'x'G5, k'qk'qLx¿ 5g\, ;a}sf] nfngkfngug'{eof] . Psflt/ pxfFn] u'¿kbsf] ul/dfnfO{ >]i7tf lbg'eof] eg]csf]{lt/ lktfsf] st{Josf] klg kfngf ug'{eof] . pxfFn] ;GtfgnfO{r'gf}ltx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ l;sfpg'eof], pRrlzIff lbnfpg'eof], hLjgsfcfjZos ;'v–;'ljwfx¿ lbg'eof] clg ljjfx cflb ul/lbP/jfgk|:ysf] dof{bfsf] /Iff ug'{eof], s;/L oL ;a} sfo{x¿dflnKt /x]/ klg lj/Qm x'g ;lsG5 eGg] ;dfhnfO{ gofFlrGtg lbg'eof] . s;/L st{Jo / clwsf/nfO{ k"0f{tf lbg;lsG5 eGg] lzjk'/f0fsf] k"/f cfbz{ u[x:y o; w/fdfxfdL ;a}n] b]Vg kfof}F . ho u'?b]j ¤eujfg\ lzj ljz]if 33

lqmofof]usf] k"0f{tf/ l;4f>d k|flKtdxfg\ JolQmTjsf wgL ;b\u'?b]j 8f= gf/fo0fbQ>LdfnLHo"n] cfkm\gf] hLjgdf k|To]s s'/fnfO{ ToxL ?kdfk|:t't ug{'eof] h'g ?kdf ;fwf/0f dflg;n] a'‰g ;s"g\ .hLjgdf clj/n?kn] cufl8 a9\b} k"0f{tflt/ cu|;/x'g ;lsof];\ / hLjgdf l;4f>d k|fKt xf];\, To;}sf];f/ule{t ljj]rgf ;b\u'?b]js} efiff / z}nLdf M– ca tkfO{Fx¿n] s] a'‰g' eof] < olb d}n] clxn]of] elg g} lbPF eg] klg tkfO{Fx¿n] s] a'‰g'x'G5 L lglvn]Zj/fgGbdxf/fh_ n] cfÇgf] cjt/0fsfndf lbg'ePsf k|jrgx?k|sflzt ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5f}F ._;dflw .d}n] wf/0ffsf] af/]df a'‰ffpFb} eg]F ls xfdL;fb[Zofk]IfL 5f}F, xfdL cfÇgf] ;dsIfL;Fu ldqtf jfzq'tf ug{ ;S5f}F . hF8\ofxf hF8\ofxf;Fu a;]/ cfgGbdgfpg ;S5 . pm u'?;Fu a:g} ;Sb}g . ljut ;f7Ljif{df Psrf]l6 klg o:tf] df}sf cfPg ls eujfg\sf]cufl8 af]tn lnP/ /S;L vfgdf p;nfO{ cfgGb cfcf];\ .t;y{, xfdL u[x:y xf}F, xfd|f kTgL 5g\, 5f]/f5f]/L 5g\,kl/jf/ 5g\, ;fyLefO 5g\ . To;}n] xfdLnfO{ To:t} u'?sf]cfjZostf 5 hf] ;fb[Zofk]IfL xf]pmg\ .Pp6f ;+Gof;L 5 / cf>ddf a;]sf] 5 . olb pgL;FuuP/ tkfO{Fn] eGg'x'G5— dxf/fh ¤ xh"/ dxfg\ x'g'x'G5/ ==== dnfO{ xh"/n] 1fg lbg'xf];\ . p;n] eGnf— k'q,cf>ddf a;]/ rf/, 5 jif{ ;]jf u/, To;kl5 ljrf/u/f}Fnf . jf:tjdf tkfO{Fsf] / p;sf aLr olt w]/} cGt/5 ls tkfO{F p;sf] a/fa/L ug}{ ;Sg'x'Gg . tkfO{F g t;+Gof; g} lng ;Sg'x'G5, g ;+Gof; k|lqmofsf] 1fg g}5 tkfOF{df . dfq u]?jf n'uf nfpFb}df ;+Gof; cfpg;Sb}g .et{[xl/ u'? sxfF uP/ lgj]bg ub{5g\— æd ;+Gof;lng rfxG5' .Æu'? eGg'x'G5— æd ltdLnfO{ ;+Gof; cjZo lbG5't/ klxn] u'?d+qsf] hk u/ .Æet{[xl/n] Ps xKtf;Dd nuftf/ u'? dGqsf] hku/] .clg u'?n] k|Zg u/]— æca eg, ltd|f] dgdf s]OR5f eO/x]sf] 5

eP . ;+Gof; lng olt ;lhnf] 5}g, u]?jf n'uf nfpFb}dfsf]xL ;+Gof;L x'g ;St}g .Znf]ssf] cf/Dedf g} elgPsf] 5 ls hLjgsf];To;lxtsf] xfd|f] hLjg cfgGbdo xf];\, lg/f]uL xf];\ ./f]u klg tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\— klxnf] zf/Ll/s /f]u,bf];|f] dfgl;s /f]u / t];|f] cflTds /f]u . of] s'/f dUof/]G6Lsf ;fy eGg ;S5' ls ;+;f/sf k|To]s JolQmnfO{zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s /f]u 5 . s;}n] klg of] eGg ;Sb}gls d k"0f{¿kdf zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s¿kn] :j:y 5' .t];|f] xf] cflTds /f]u, o;sf] tfTko{ xf]— slxn]sfxLFxfd|f] z/L/df /ut pDng yfN5 ls d s]xL u?F, s]xLk|fKt u?F, t/ s]xL klg ug{ ;lsFb}g . s]xL klg k|fKtug{ ;lsFb}g— ;fdflhs ;d:ofn] ubf{, cfly{s ;d:ofn]ubf{ cyjf cGo s'g} sf/0f ubf{ .oL tLg} k|sf/sf /f]ux¿af6 lgj[Q x'g Pp6f ljz]ifk|of]u o; lqmofof]udf 5, o; k|of]unfO{ ;DkGg ug] { ljlwcfk}mdf ljlzi6 5 . of] cTofjZos 5 ls JolQmn] o;k|lqmofnfO{ /fd|/L k"0f{tfsf ;fy a'‰ff];\, o;/L a'‰ff];\ lsp;nfO{ hLjgdf ptfg{ ;sf];\ / ;+;f/sf] s'g} s'gfdfklg, h'g;'s} ;+Gof;L jf of]uLnfO{ klg lqmofof]u a'‰ffpg;sf];\, o:tf] Ifdtf tkfO{Fdf cfpg ;Sg'kb{5 .olb tkfOF{nfO{ OR5f 5 eg] o; s'/fsf] experimentug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . tkfOF { xl/åf/, dy'/f cyjf sfzL st} klg8'Ng uPsf] a]nf ToxfF s'g} of]uL, u'?, ;fw' jf ;Gof;L;Fue]6 eof] eg] of] ;f]Wg'xf];\– u'?hL ¤ olb dxfTdf ufGwLn]lqmofof]u l;Sg] rfxgf /fv]sf lyP, olb afOlandf O{;fdl;xn] eg]sf 5g\ ls lqmofof]uaf6 hLjgdf k"0f{tf k|fKtx'G5, olb k}uDa/ ;fxan] s'/fgdf lqmofof]usf] j0f{gu/]sf 5g\, olb ;a} wd{x¿df lqmofof]unfO{ ;To eg]sf5g\ eg] o;df cjZo} klg s]xL ;Totf xf]nf . t;y{xh"/n] xfdLnfO{ lqmofof]usf af/]df atfpg'xf];\ .tkfO{FnfO{ yfxf x'g]5 pgsf] ljåtfsf] af/]df .x'g ;S5 pgnfO{eGbf w]/} t tkfO{FnfO{ g} yfxf 5 . tLof]uLeGbf w]/} /fd|/L tkfOF{n] g} atfpg ;Sg'x'G5— eg]/klg, k|flS6snaf6 klg / k|jrgsf] dfWodaf6 klglsgls tkfOF{ k"0f{tfsf ;fy a'‰g ;Sg'x'G5 . of] k"0f{tftkfO{Fn] kfpg ;Sg'x'g]5 u'?sf] ;flGgWoaf6 . lqmofof]uk"0f{¿kn] k|flS6sn 1fg xf]— tYo / lrGtgsf] dfWodn]klg hLjgdf k|of]usf] dfWodn] klg .z+s/frfo{n] o; lqmofof]usf] ;+u'kmg ljlwnfO{ k|i6kf/] / atfP ls xfdL /f]ud'Qm s;/L x'g] . tkfO{F k|of]uu/]/ x]g'{;\ lsgeg] ha s'g} s'/f k"0f{¿kn] dGql;4ePdf To;n] k"0f{ kmn k|bfg u5{ g} . JolQmnfO{ k"0f{¿kn]k|jL0f agfpg', of]Uo agfpg', alnof] agfpg' dGq l;4ug'{ g} xf] .lqmofof]u l;Sgsf nflu ;a}eGbf h?/L of] 5 ls;j{k|yd tkfOF{ /f]ud'Qm hLjg k|fKt ug'{xf];\ . /f]ud'QmhLjg k|flKtsf nflu ‘Ps d'vL ?b|fIf’df Pp6f ljlzi6k|of]u atfOPsf] 5 . t;y{ o; k|of]unfO{ tkfOF{n] ug'{g} k5{ .3/df o; k|of]unfO{ ubf{ cfÇgf] cufl8 Pp6flksf{dfly Pp6f tfdfsf] Kn]6 /fVg';\ . Pp6f xsLs dfnflng';\ / o;nfO{ dfq 5sf] b'j}tk{m tfdfsf b'O{ 9\ofscyjf z'4 tfdfsf b'O{ tf/ 7f8f] kf/]/ /fVg';\ -ahf/dfkfOg] tfdfdf kmnfd ldl;Psf] x'G5, z'4 tfdfsf] k|of]uug'{xf]nf_ To;sf] aLrdf To; ?b|fIfnfO{ /fVg';\ -tfdf/ dGqsf] ;+:kz{n] ?b|fIfdf cfk}m sDkg x'g yfNg]5_ .oL b'j}nfO{ s'g} tfdfsf] ef8fdf g} /fVg';\ . To;kl5?b|fIfdf la:tf/}–la:tf/} hn 5s{Fb} dGq pRrf/0f ug'{;\,of] dGq b'O{ cIf/sf] dfq 5 .æ;f]›x+Æ– of] æ;f]›x+Æ zAb s'g} ljz]if wd{ jf ;Dk|bfosf]dGq xf]Og . ltAatdf hlt klg nfdfx¿ 5g\ pgLx¿:jo+ ljZjsf ;j{>]i7 tflGqs / of]uL 5g\ . olb tkfO{Fslxn] wd{zfnf -of] :yfg ef/tsf] lxdf~rn k|b]zdf 5_hfg'eof] eg] ToxfF k"0f{ tflGqs 1fgo'Qm s}of}F nfdfx¿e]l6g]5g\ . oL nfdfx¿sf] ufoqL dGq æ;f]›x+Æ g} xf] .æ;f]›x+ j} k/f k'?if j}, jM /tj} j|t lqmofTdf+ j};of]uTj+ jMÆlqmof zAbsf] j0f{g, / ‘;f]›x+’ zAbsf] j0f{gdfcfo{x¿n] ;j{k|yd h'g Znf]snfO{ pb\3f]lift u/] To;sf]k|yd cIf/ g} ;f]›x+ 5 .lbJo d+q æ;f]›x+Æsf af/]df b'O{ xhf/ kfgfsf] k':tsn]v] klg o;sf] ;xL cy{ a'‰ffpg ;lsFb}g . oL b'O{ cIf/:jo+df g} cTolws u"9 5g\ . æ;f]›x+Æsf] ;f/fy{ xf]/f]u/lxt hLjgsf] k"0f{tf . ;f]›x+sf] cy{ xf]– ;M ± cx+– Tof] a|Åd d x'F, d k"0f{ 5', ;Dk"0f{ jfª\dosf] d"nfwf/d x'F . d ‘c’ b]lv ‘x’ ;Ddsf] k"0f{ 1fgnfO{ lkpg]jfnfx'F, To;}nfO{ ‘;f]›x+’ eG5g\ .jf:tjdf xfdL ;f]›x+ To;a]nf dfq aGg ;S5f}Fh'ga]nf ;Dk"0f{ 1fgnfO{ lkpg ;S5f}F . cx+sf] cy{ xf]–3d08, cx+sf/ . 3d08sf] tfTko{ xf]– /f]u, rfx]eujfg\ lzj ljz]if 35

Tof] dfgl;s xf];\ cyjfzf/Ll/s .;DklQ 5 t To;df3d08sf] s] cfjZostf5 < t/ w]/}h;f] wgLdflg;x¿ ;fx|} 3d08Lx'G5g\ . k]ml/ slxn]sfxLFo:tf] klg b]lvG5 ls hf];Fuhlt w]/} k};f x'G5 pltg} pm gd| x'G5 . t'R5JolQmx¿ hf];Fu s]xL wg5, pm Hofb} plk|mg yfN5 .To;f] eP wg;Fu o;sf] s'g} ;DaGw 5}g . olb s'g};DaGw 5 eg] Tof] ;DaGw 5 dfgl;s lrGtg;Fu . h:tf]dfgl;s lrGtg x'G5 p:t} Jojxf/ x'G5, p:t} /xG5:jf:Yo . o; /f]usf] lgj[lQsf nflu æ;f]›x+Æ zAbs}k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .t;y{ u'?n] z+s/frfo{nfO{ atfP– ælqmofof]ul;Sg'cl3 ltdL k"0f{¿kn] /f]u/lxt eP/ d sxfF cfpm .ltdL lzjsf] k|tLs Psd'v] ?b|fIfsf] dfWodn], To;dfnfsf] dfWodn], h'g zlQmsf] k|tLs xf], lzjzlQmsf] ;dGjo u/]/, Pp6f ljB't\ pmhf{ pTkGg u/]/;a} /f]ux¿nfO{ kmfNg' cfjZos 5 .Æ clg pxfFn]z+s/frfo{nfO{ oxL k|of]u ;DkGg u/fpg'eof] .o; k|lqmofåf/f tLgxhf/ jif{ k'/fgf] s8L k'gMhf]l8Psf] 5 . z+s/frfo{nfO{ of] k|of]u cjZo u/fOof] .t/ To;afx]s ljut tLgxhf/ jif{df o; k|of]u ;DkGgePsf] xf];\, o:tf] pbfx/0f csf]{ kfOFb}g . of] x'g} ;s]glsgeg] h'g s'/fnfO{ a'‰g} ;lsPg To; s'/fnfO{ k|of]udfs;/L Nofpg]

Zjf; tyf çsf/ Wofg ljlwwf/fjflxs cEof; efu #Wofg rrf{t];|f] ljlw -Zjf; tyf çsf/ ljlw_Wofgsf] t];|f] ljlwdf klxnf] ljlw / bf];|f] ljlwsf]ld>0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; ljlwdf cufl8sf b'j} ljlwsf];+o'Qm¿kdf cEof; ul/G5 .Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] dfWodaf6 g} xfd|f] z/L/sf ljleGgcË–k|To·df clS;hg k'¥ofpg ;Dej x'G5 . clS;hgn]xfd|f] z/L/df ePsf sf]ifx¿ (Cells) nfO{ k'ghL{jgk|bfg ub{5 h;sf] sf/0f tkfO{F xfdLnfO{ ;d]t zflGt/ cfgGb k|fKt x'G5 .xfd|f] z/L/ cfk}mdf :jrflnt d]l;gh:tf] 5, xfdLn] rfx]/grfx]/eGbf klg cfkm;]cfkm ;a} k|lqmofx¿ eO/fv]sfx'G5g\ . k|To]s cËn] cf–cfÇg} sfo{ :jrflnth:t}¿kdf ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . gfssf b'j} Kjfnx¿af6 klgc6f]d]l6s¿kdf s'g} a]nf bfofFaf6 Zjf; lng] sfo{ x'G5eg] s'g} a]nf afofFaf6 . To:t} s'g} a]nf b'j} gfssfKjfnx¿ v'nL Zjf;k|Zjf; ePsf] x'G5 . o;/L Zjf;lng], kmfNg] sfo{ klg cfÇg} ultdf ePsf] kfOG5 .xfd|f] z/L/df tLgj6f gf8Lx¿ /x]sf 5g\— bfofFlt/lk+unf gf8L, afofFlt/ O8f / aLrdf ;'if'Dgf . o;/LtLgj6f gf8L cf–cfÇg} ¿kdf lqmofzLn eO/fv]sfx'G5g\ . bfofF / afofFaf6 kfn}kfnf] Zjf; lng] / kmfNg]ubf{ oL gf8Lx¿df klg lqmofzLntf a9\b5 h;n] ubf{xfdLleq cjl:yt rqmx¿ klg hfu[t x'g yfNb5g\ .To:t} çsf/sf] pRrf/0fn] xfdLleq /x]sf] gfeL rqm,Xbo rqm Pj+ ;x;|f/ -lz/_ rqm klg lqmofzLn x'gyfNb5, zflGt / cfgGb k|fKt x'g yfNb5 .t/Lsf M!= cg's"n ldNg] j:q nufpg], ePdf ;n, dfnfx¿nufpg] .@= w]/} ;do a:bf cK7\of/f] nfUg] cf;gdf ga;L ;lhnf]nfUg], cg's"n x'g] ;'vf;g, cw{kßf;g jf cGo cf;gdfa:g ;lsg]5 .#= cfÇgf] cufl8 u'?x¿sf] kmf]6f] jf cfk"mn] dfgLcfPsfb]jLb]jtf jf Oi6x¿sf] kmf]6f] /fVg], cu/aQL afNg],cg's"n eP bLof] afNg] .$= ;x;|f/df k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx¿ >L >L dxfof]uLu'? uf]/vgfy Pj+ k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGbdxf/fhnfO{ u'?¿kdf wf/0f ug]{, Xbodf cfk"mn] dfg]sfb]jLb]jtfx¿nfO{ wf/0f ug]{ .eujfg\ lzj ljz]if 37

%= tLgk6s çsf/ ug]{ / tnsf] Znf]s tLgk6spRr/0f ug]{–‘u'?a{|≈df u'?lj{i0f'M u'?b]{jf] dx]Zj/Mu'?M ;fIfft\ k/a|≈d t:d} >L u'/j] gdM ..’^= To;kl5 b'j} xft /u8]/ cfFvf ;]Sg] / cfÇgf] cufl89f]lulbg] .&= &÷& k6s b]a| ]af6 ;f; g/f]lssg tfGg] kmfNg], &÷&k6s bflxg]af6 ;f; g/f]lssg tfGg] / kmfNg] .*= @! k6s ç pRrf/0f ug]{ .(= cf1f rqmdf ç ;D´]/ Wofg ug]{ . dg Psfu| ePçsf/df Wofg ug]{, geP Zjf;df Wofg ug]{ .!)= cfÇgf] cg's"ntfcg';f/ !% ldg]6b]lv #), $%,^) ldg]6;Dd ug{ ;lsg]5 .!!= tLgk6s çsf/ pRrf/0f ug]{ .!@= tLgk6s tnsf] Znf]s pRrf/0f u/]/ eGg]–‘u'?a{|≈df u'?lj{i0f'M u'?b]{jf] dx]Zj/Mu'?M ;fIfft\ k/a|≈d t:d} >L u'/j] gdM ..’!#= b'j} xft /u8]/ lz/df ;]Sg], cfFvfdf ;]Sg], 3fF6Ldf;]Sg], 5ftLdf ;]Sg], gfeLdf ;]Sg], k'gM b'j} xft /u8]/cfFvf ;]Sg], cfÇgf] xTs]nf x]b}{ cufl8 9f]lulbg] . qWofg⁄ Wofg⁄⁄ Wofg⁄⁄⁄Wofgsf] ;kmntfsf ;"qx?• u'? Pj+ zf:qjrgdf k"0f{ ljZjf;• dg, OlGb|onfO{ ;f+;f/Ls ljifoaf6 x6fpg'• ljifoaf6 lj/Qm• eujb\lrGtg, k|fy{gf• PsfGtjf;• sd ;+u|x• /fu, å]if, b'/fu|x g/fVg], qmf]w gug]{• lrQsf] ljiffb, cx+sf/, Oiof{, x]o, cf;lQm, j}/,cledfg, Joy{ lrGtg cflbsf] Tofu• w]/} gvfg]• g w]/} ;'Tg] g w]/} hfuf /xg]• df;', dlb/fsf] Tofu• ufFhf r/]; gvfg]• w]/} tftf], lk/f], cldnf], pQ]hs kbfy{sf] Tofu• dgdf ;Tju'0fsf] k|wfgtf u/fpg]• /hf]u'0f÷tdf]u'0faf6 ;Tju'0fdf ljsf; ug]{ .38uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ df3

x:t/]vf lj1fgo; :tDecGtu{t x:t/]vflj1fgcg';f/ x:t/]vf;DaGwLhfgsf/Lx? kf7sju{;dIf /fVb}cfO/x]sf 5f}F . cfzf 5, o;af6oxfFx? nfeflGjt x'g'x'g]5 .hLjg /]vfhLjg /]vf dfq} o:tf] /]vf xf] h'g k|To]s dflg;sf]xTs]nfdf kfOG5 . olb s;}sf] xTs]nfdf of] /]vf b]lvFb}geg] a'em\g'kb{5 ls o:tf] dflg;sf] JolQmTj z"Gojt\x'G5 / To:tf] dflg;df hLjgzlQm ;j{yf nf]k ePsf]x'G5 . o:tf] JolQmsf] hLjg s'g} klg ;do ;dfKt x'g;S5 . s}of}Fk6s d+un /]vfn] o; /]vfnfO{ an lbPsf]kfOG5, slxn]sfxLF zlg /]vfn] klg o; /]vfnfO{ anlbPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ klg h'g hLjg /]vf lgbf]{if / :ki65, ToxL /]vf dflg;sf nflu jf:tjdf sNof0fsf/LdflgG5 .o;} /]vfaf6 JolQmsf] cfo'sf] ;DaGwdf yfxf x'G5 .o; /]vfsf] dfWodaf6 of] yfxf x'G5 ls hLjgdf s'gs'g b'3{6gf slxn] 36\5 x'G5 . d[To'sf] sf/0f /o;sf] ;do klg o;} /]vfaf6 1ft x'G5 .of] /]vf j[x:klt kj{tsf] d'lgaf6 lg:s]sf]b]lvG5 eg] slxn]sfxLF j[x:klt kj{tsf] dflyaf6 klglgl:sPsf] kfOG5 . o; /]vfsf] af/]df of] Wofg lbg'cToGt} cfjZos 5— hlt 7"nf] ¿kdf o; /]vfn] z'qmkj{tnfO{ 3]b{5 Tolt g} a9L o; /]vfnfO{ >]i7 dflgG5 .s}of}Fk6s t o; /]vfn] z'qm kj{tnfO{ cToGt} ;+sL0f{cfkm\gf] xftcfkm} x]/f}“agfOlbG5 . ha xTs]nfdf o:tf] cj:yf b]lvG5 taof] a'em\g'kb{5 ls o:tf] JolQmsf] k|ult p;sf] hLjgdfs7Lg g} x'G5 . ;fy;fy} o:tf] JolQmsf] hLjgdf k|]d,ef]u, ;'vflb ;f+;f/Ls u'0fx¿sf] Go"gtf /xG5 . a"9Lcf}Fnfglhs x'Fb} olb of] /]vf lg:s]sf] 5 eg] To:tf]JolQmsf] cfo' cToGt} yf]/} x'G5 .hLjg /]vf hlt w]/} ulx/f] / lagf 6'6]sf] x'G5 Toltg} w]/} /fd|f] dflgG5 . o:tf] JolQmsf] :jf:Yo pGgt x'G5,p;sf] Xbodf k|]d / ;f}Gbo{sf] efjgf ljsl;t /xG5 .t/ h;sf] xTs]nfdf of] /]vf sfl6Psf], kmfl6Psf] jf6'6]sf] / c:ki6 b]lvG5 p;sf] hLjg b'Mvdo, efjgfz"GoPj+ b'3{6gfn] o'Qm /xG5 . o:tf] JolQm lr8lr8] tyfk|To]s s'/fdf qmf]lwt x'g] x'G5 .olb u'? kj{td'lg hLjg /]vf / dl:tis /]vf ldNghfG5g\ eg] of] z'e dflgG5 . o:tf] JolQm kl/>dL, ;ts{/ of]hgfa4 t/Lsfn] sfd ug]{ x'G5 . t/ olb oL b'j}/]vfsf] pb\ud a]Unfa]Un} 5 eg] JolQm pGd'Qm ljrf/sf/ cfkm\g} w'gdf sfd ug] { x'G5 . t/ olb s;}sf] xTs]nfdfhLjg /]vf, dl:tis /]vf / Xbo /]vf tLg} Ps} :yfgdflg:sG5 eg] o;nfO{ Pp6f b'ef{Uok"0f{ k|tLs dflgG5 .o:tf] JolQmsf] lgM;Gb]x xTof x'G5 .hLjg /]vfdf olb afËfl6Ëf /]vfx¿ b]lvG5g\ eg]To; JolQmsf] :jf:Yo sdhf]/ 5 eGg] a'em\g'kb{5 . olbXbo /]vf / hLjg /]vfaLr lqe'h ag]sf] 5 eg] o:tf]eujfg\ lzj ljz]if 39

JolQm bdsf] /f]uL x'G5 .hLjg /]vfaf6 olb s'g} kftnf] /]vf lg:s]/ u'?kj{tlt/ uPsf] 5 eg] To; JolQmsf OR5f, efjgf /dxŒjfsf+Iffx¿ cfjZostfeGbf w]/} x'G5 / p;n] tLOR5fx¿nfO{ k"/f ug{ euL/y k|oTg ub{5 . olb o;/]vfdf s'g} /]vf p7]sf] b]lvG5 eg] Tof] JolQm kl/>dL/ sd{7 x'G5 / cfkm\g} k|oTgn] efUosf] lgdf{0f ub{5 .olb hLjg /]vfsf] k|f/Deaf6 g} ;;Fu} ;xfos /]vfuPsf] 5 eg] o:tf] JolQm ;f]r]/ sfo{ ug]{, ljj]sk"0f{of]hgf agfpg] / rt'/ / dxŒjfsf+IfL x'G5 . o:tf]JolQmsf] hLjgdf s]xL klg c;Dej x'Fb}g .olb hLjg /]vf hfFbfhfFb} crfgs aLrdf ;dfKtx'G5 eg] o;n] cfsl:ds d[To'lt/ ;+s]t ub{5 . olbhLjg /]vfaf6 s'g} ;xfos /]vf lg:s]/ rGb| kj{tlt/uPsf] 5 eg] Tof] JolQm j[4fj:yfdf ax'nfpF5 . olb o;/]vfdf zlg /]vf cfP/ ldNb5 eg] Tof] JolQm k|ltefjfg\/ t]h:jL x'G5 .hLjg /]vfsf] cGtdf olb s'g} k|sf/sf] s'g} ljGb'jf qm; b]lvG5 eg] To; JolQmsf] d[To' crfgs x'G5 .olb hLjg /]vf cGtdf uP/ s}of}F efudf ljeQm x'G5eg] o:tf] JolQm j[4fj:yfdf lgZro g} Ifo/f]usf] lzsf/x'G5 .o;;Fu ;DalGwt cGo s]xL tYox¿ Klg :ki6ul/G5—!= 5f]6f] /]vf— sd cfo', @= kx]Fnf] / rf}8f /]vf—ljdf/L / ljjfbf:kb rl/q, #= /ftf] /]vf— lxF;fsf]efjgf, $= kftnf] /]vf— cfsl:ds d[To', %= ;f·nf]h:tf]/]vf— zf/Ll/s sf]dnftf, ^= 6'6]sf] /]vf— ljdf/L,&= l;F9L;dfgsf] /]vf— hLj/el/ ?U0ftf, *= j[x:kltkj{tsf] d'lg k|f/De— pRr ;kmntf, (= dl:tis/]vf;Fu ldn]sf]— ljj]sk"0f{ hLjg, !)= hLjg, dl:tistyf Xbo /]vfsf] ldng— b'ef{Uok"0f{ JolQm, !!= wF;]sf]ulx/f] /]vf— c;lxi6tfk"0f{ Jojxf/, !@= :jf:Yo tyfdl:tis /]vfglhs gIfq— ;GtfgxLgtf, !#= :ki6/]vf— Gofok"0f{ hLjg, !$= k|f/De:yndf zfvf k'~h—cl:y/ hLjg, !%= /]vfsf] dWodf zfvfx¿— Ifok"0f{hLjg, !^= cGtdf zfvfx¿— b'MvbfoL a'9fkf, !&=cGtdf b'O{ efudf ljeQm— lgw{gtfk"0f{ d[To', !*=cGtdf hfn— wg xfgLkl5 d[To', !(= /]vfaf6 dflylt/p7]sf ;xfos /]vf— cfsl:ds wg k|flKt, @)= /]vfdfsfnf] wAaf— /f]usf] k|f/De, @!= tnlt/ uPsf ;xfos/]vfx¿— :jf:Yo tyf wgsf] xfgL, @@= dfu{df /]vfx¿406'6]sf] x'g'— cfly{s xfgL, @#= s}of} F :yfgdf sf6]/ /x]sf/]vfx¿— :yfoL /f]u, @$= /]vfdf j[Qsf] lgzfgf— xTof,@%= k|f/Dedf qm;— b'3{6gfaf6 cËeË, @^= /]vfsf]cGtdf qm;— c;kmn a'9\of}nL, @&= qm;n] sfl6Psf]hLjg /]vf— dfgl;s sdhf]/L, @*= /]vfsf]k|f/Dedf åLk— tGq ljBfdf ?lr, @(= /]vfsf]dWodf åLk— zf/Ll/s sdhf]/L, #)= nx/bf/hLjg /]vf / To;df åLk— /f]uL hLjg, #!= hLjg/]vfaf6 xTs]nfkfl/ uPsf /]vfx¿— sbd sbddf;kmntf, ##= zlg kj{tdf uPsf /]vfx¿— kz'af6b'3{6gf Pj+ d[To', #$= ;"o{ kj{tlt/ uPsf /]vfx¿—k|l;l4 / ;Ddfg, #%= a'w kj{tlt/ uPsf /]vfx¿—cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/df ;kmntf , #^= rGb| kj{tlt/uPsf /]vfx¿— cfjZostfeGbf w]/} lgw{gtftyf /f]udo hLjg, #&= lgDg d+unlt/ uPsf/]vfx¿— qmf]wdf cfTdxTof, #*= d+un kj{tlt/uPsf /]vfx¿— k|]dsf] sf/0f o'jfj:yfdf abgfdL,#(= z'qm kj{tsf] leqlt/ uPsf /]vfx¿— k|]deË,$)= hLjg /]vfsf s}of}F :yfgdf sf6]/ a;]sf/]vfx¿— kfl/jf/Ls hLjgdf c;kmntf, $!= hLjg/]vfnfO{ sf6]/ efUo /]vf;Dd hfg] /]vf— Jofkf/dfk"0f{ c;kmntf, $@= hLjg /]vfnfO{ sf6]/ dl:tis/]vflt/ uPsf /]vfx¿— kfunkg, $#= hLjg/]vfnfO{ sf6]/ Xbo /]vflt/ uPsf /]vfx¿— Xbo/f]un] kLl8t, $$= hLjg /]vf tyf Xbo /]vfnfO{sf6]/ a;]sf /]vf— k|]d sfo{x¿df c;kmntf, $%=Xbo /]vflt/ hfg] /]vfsf] cGtdf åLk— b'Mvk"0f{j}jflxs hLjg, $^= hLjg /]vf / ;"o{ /]vfnfO{sf6]/ a;]sf /]vf— ;fdflhs ktg, $&= z'qm kj{ttyf hLjg /]vfdf gIfqsf] lrÅg— 3/]n' emu8f,$*= ;"o{ /]vf tyf hLjg /]vfdf gIfq— b'Mvdo3/]n' hLjg, $(= dl:tis /]vf, Xbo /]vf tyfhLjg /]vfdf lrÅg— /f]uk"0f{ hLjg, %)= efUo/]vf tyf hLjgdf lqsf]0f— cfly{s xfgL, %!= ;"o{/]vf tyf hLjg /]vfdf lqsf]0f— ck/fwk"0f{ hLjg .qmdzM ho u'?b]j ¤Wofg;DaGwL lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nfluWofgfd[t tyf d'b|fd[t Wofg k':tsvf]hL–vf]hL k9f}F .uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ df3

Hof]ltif / sfn lg0f{odf3 dlxgfsf] ;"Id sfn ljj/0fcfb/0fLo kf7sj[Gb, ljleGg dlxgfsf ljleGg af/x?df kg]{ sfnx?sf] hfgsf/L tyf ;"Id sfnlg0f{osf ;DaGwdf ljutsf cª\sx¿df k|sflzt ul/Psf] lyof] . o; c+sdf df3 dlxgfdf kg]{ ljleGgrf/j6f sfnx?sf] klg %–% ldg]6sf] cGt/fnsf] kmnx?nfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 h;nfO{ x]g{ ;Fu} lbOPsf]tflnsfnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg' xf]nf .df3 dlxgfsf] dx]Gb| sfn! b]lv % ldg]6;Dd M z'e sfo{ Pj+ Jofkf/sf nflu;j{yf cg's"n 5 . o; sfnsf :jfdL ‘lzj’ x'g\, sfo{k|f/De ug'{cl3 wlgofFsf] ;]jg cg's"n x'G5 .^ b]lv !) ldg]6;Dd M r'gfj, k/LIff, ;kmntf;DaGwLsfo{, l:y/ sfo{, efUof]bosf nflu o; ;dosf] r'gfjug'{kb{5 . o; ;dosf :jfdL ‘lji0f'’ x'g\, rfdn vfP/sfo{ ug'{ ljz]if z'e dflgG5 .!! b]lv !% ldg]6;Dd M s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ofqfPj+ ;kmntfsf nflu of] ;do ljz]if z'e Pj+ cg's"n5 . o; ;dosf b]jtf ‘;"o{’ x'g\, zVv/ vfP/ ofqfk|f/De ug'{kb{5 .!^ b]lv @) ldg]6;Dd M ofqfsf] b[li6n] o; ;dosf]ljz]if dxŒj 5 . o; ;dosf clwi7ftf ‘u0f]z’ x'g\,u0f]zsf] :d/0f u/]/ ofqf ug'{kb{5 . b"af]sf] rj{0f z'edflgG5 .@! b]lv @% ldg]6;Dd M ofqf, B't sfo{, xflg–nfe,;§f, efUo k/LIff, ldqtf, nfebfos sfo{ cflbsf nfluof] ;do plrt 5 . o; ;dosf :jfdL ‘sft{jLof{h'{g’x'g\, bxLsf] eIf0f z'e dflgG5 .@^ b]lv #) ldg]6;Dd M ofqf, z'e sfo{, ;ufO{,ljjfx, df+ulns sfo{, Jofkfl/s sfo{, B't cflbsf nfluof] ;do z'e 5 . o; ;dosf b]jtf ‘rGb|’ x'g\, bxLsf]eIf0f z'e dflgG5 .#! b]lv #% ldg]6;Dd M Jofkf/ sfo{sf nflu o;;dosf] r'gfj ug'{ ljz]if z'e 5 . o; ;dosf b]jL‘nIdL’ x'g\, b"w–k|;fb eIf0f u/]/ sfo{ k|f/De ug' { ljz]ifz'e dflgG5 .#^ b]lv $) ldg]6;Dd M pGglt sfo{, ljjfx, k|0fo,k|]d–k|bz{g, nfe sfo{, v]n, ofqf cflbsf nflu of] ;doz'e 5 . o; ;dosf clwi7ftf b]jtf ‘sfdb]j’ x'g\, dxvfP/ sfo{ k|f/De ubf{ ljz]if z'e x'G5 .$! b]lv $% ldg]6;Dd M s'g} klg k|sf/sf] pGglt,Jofkf/, gf]s/L, ofqf cflbsf nflu of] ;dosf] r'gfjug'{ z'e dflgG5 . o; ;dosL b]jL ‘uf}/L’ x'g\, xl/b|feIf0f z'e dflgG5 .$^ b]lv %) ldg]6;Dd M ofqf, ljho sfo{, wg;+u|x, vl/bf/L / z'e sfo{sf nflu of] ;do cg's"n5 . o; ;dosf clwi7ftf ‘a|Ådf’ x'g\, kfg vfP/ sfo{k|f/De ug'{ z'e dflgG5 .%! b]lv %% ldg]6;Dd M ofqf, ljjfx, Jofkf/ sfo{,ldqtf, pGglt sfo{ cflbsf nflu o; ;dosf] r'gfjug'{kb{5 . o; ;dosf clwi7ftf ‘d?t\’ x'g\, ltnsf]eIf0f z'e dflgG5 .%^ b]lv ^) ldg]6;Dd M Jofkf/, ;kmntf, lzIff,v]n, k|0fo–k|;+u, ljjfx, ofqf cflbsf nflu o; ;dosf]r'gfj ug'{kb{5 . o; ;dosf b]jtf ‘uf}td’ x'g\, sfo{k|f/De ug'{ cl3 kfg vfg' z'e dflgG5 .df3 dlxgfsf] cd[t sfn! b]lv % ldg]6;Dd M B't sfo{, Jofkf/, Joj;fosfnflu ofqf, o1, k"hg, cg'i7fgsf cflbsf nflu of] ;doz'e 5 . o; ;dosf b]jtf ‘lzj’ x'g\, rfdn vfP/sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ z'e x'G5 .^ b]lv !) ldg]6;Dd M ofqf, dxŒjk"0f{ / pGgltsfo{x¿sf nflu of] ;dosf] r'gfj 5 . o; ;dosf b]jtf‘?b|’ x'g\, rfs' vfP/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ z'e dflgG5 .!! b]lv !% ldg]6;Dd M ofqflbsf nflu ;jf{lwspko'Qm ;do 5 . o; sfnsf b]jL ‘;/:jtL’ x'g\, d'uLsf]bfgf rkfP/ ofqf k|f/De ug'{ z'e dflgG5 .!^ b]lv @) ldg]6;Dd M k/LIff, r'gfj, cGt/jftf{,Hof]Olg+u tyf ofqflbsf nflu of] ;od z'e 5 . o; ;dosfclwi7ftf ‘rGb|’ x'g\, bxL eIf0f z'e dflgG5 .@! b]lv @% ldg]6;Dd M s'g} klg k|sf/sf] sfo{sf]nflu of] z'e ;do xf] . o;sf b]jtf ‘g[l;+x’ x'g\, n8\8'eujfg\ lzj ljz]if 41

}q, j}zfv, >fj0f, efb|, df3 / kmfNu'0f dlxgfdf kg]{ ljleGg sfnx¿cfOtaf/ ;f]daf/ d+unaf/ a'waf/ laxLaf/ z'qmaf/ zlgaf/;do sfn ;do sfn ;do sfn ;do sfn ;do sfn ;do sfn ;do sfn^M))–^M$*lbg dx]Gb| ^M))–&M#^lbg&M#)–(M))^M$*–!)M)) cd[t &M#^–!)M$*&M#)–(M))cd[t/fx'jqm/fx'^M))–*M@$lbg cd[t ^M))–&M#^lbg jqm ^M))–*M@$lbg cd[t ^M))–^M$*lbg z"Go ^M))–&M#^lbg z"Go*M@$–(M!@ z"Go &M#^–(M!@ cd[t *M@$–(M!@ z"Go ^M$*–!M!@!)M#)–!@M)) cd[t/fx'&M#^–*M@$ jqm!)M))–@M)) jqm !)M$*–!M!@ cd[t (M!@–!)M)) jqm (M!@–!!M#^ jqm (M!@–!)M$* z"Go !M!@–$M@$ jqm *M@$–(M!@(M))–!)M#)@M))–%M!@$M#)–^M))z"Go/fx'!M!@–#M#^ jqm !)M))–!@M@$ cd[t !!M#^–!M!@!@M))–!M#)%M!@–^M)) $M#)–^M)) cd[t /fx'#M#^–%M!@ cd[t !@M@$–#M#^#M))–$M#)^M))–^M$*/flq z"Go %M!@–^M)) z"Go #M#^–%M!@#M))–$M#)z"Go/fx'cd[t/fx'cd[t /fx'!)M$*–!M!@ cd[t $M@$–%M!@ cd[t (M!@–!@M@$(M))–!)M#)!M!@–@M)) z"Go !M!@–$M@$ jqm %M!@–^M)) z"Go !@M@$–!M!@ z'Go!@M))–!M#) /fx' !M#)–#M)) /fx'@M))–#M#^ jqm $M@$–^M)) cd[t ^M))–&M#^/flq jqm !M!@–@M)) jqm^M$*–&M#^ dx]Gb| ^M))–&M#^/flq jqm %M!@–^M)) z"Go #M#^–$M@$ dx]Gb| ^M))–&M#^/flq jqm &M#^–*M@$ z"Go @M))–#M#^ z"Go&M#^–*M@$ z"Go &M#^–(M!@ dx]Gb| ^M))–&M#^/flq jqm $M@$–^M)) cd[t &M#^–(M!@ dx]Gb| *M@$–!)M$* cd[t #M#^–%M!@ cd[t*M@$–!)M)) cd[t (M!@–!)M)) cd[t &M#^–(M!@ dx]Gb| ^M))–^M$*/flq z"Go (M!@–!)M)) cd[t !)M$*–!M!@ jqm %M!@–^M)) z"Go!)M))–!)M$* z"Go !)M))–!M!@ jqm (M!@–!)M)) cd[t ^M$*–(M!@ cd[t !)M))–!M!@ jqm !M!@–#M#^ dx]Gb| ^M))–*M@$/flq jqm!)M$*–!M!@ jqm !M!@–@M$* cd[t !)M))–!@M@$ jqm (M!@–!)M$* dx]Gb| !M!@–@M$* cd[t #M#^–$M@$ z"Go *M@$–!)M$* cd[t!M!@–#M#^ z"Go @M$*–$M@$ z"Go !@M@$–@M)) cd[t !)M$*–!@M@$ jqm @M$*–$M@$ z"Go $M@$–^M)) cd[t !)M$*–!@M@$ jqm#M#^–$M@$ dx]Gb| $M@$–%M!@ jqm @M))–@M$* z"Go !@M@$–@M)) z"Go $M@$–^M)) cd[t !@M@$–@M)) z"Go$M@$–^M)) cd[t %M!@–^M)) z"Go @M$*–#M#^ jqm @M))–^M)) cd[t @M))–#M#^ cd[t#M#^–$M@$ dx]Gb| #M#^–$M@$ z"Go$M@$–^M)) cd[t $M@$–^M)) cd[tk/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j 8f= gf/fo0fbQ >LdfnL -k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fh_ åf/f /lrt ‘Hof]ltif cf}/ sfn lg0f{o’ k':tsdf cfwfl/t .dx]Gb|sfn– ;j{>]i7, cd[tsfn– >]i7, jqmsfn– ;fdfGo, z"Gosfn– lgs[i6 . z'esfndf /fx'sfn klg ldl;Psf] 5 eg] Tof] ;do klg cfkm}F cz'e x'G5 .z'Go/fx'cd[t/fx';"Id sfn ljj]rgf ug'{kbf{— ;j{k|yd s'g af/ xf] / slt ah]sf] ljj]rgf ug'{ 5, To;cg';f/ s'g sfn k/]sf] 5 -dx]Gb|sfn, cd[tsfn, jqmsfn jf z"Gosfn_Tof] tflnsf x]/]/ kQf nufpg' kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu @)^^ df3 @^ ut] d+unaf/ laxfg &M!# ah]sf] ;"Id ljj]rgf u/f}F . d+unaf/ k|ftM ^M)) b]lv*M@$ ah];Dd cd[tsfnsf] ;do 5 . xfd|f] ;do cd[tsfndf k/]sf] 5 . ca xfd|f] ;do &M!# af6 xfd|f] sfn z'? ePsf] ;do ^M)) 36fcf}F . afFsL /x\of]!M!# cyf{t\ ! 306f !# ldg]6 . ca 306f hlt eP klg To;nfO{ 5f]l8lbP/ ldg]6df dfq ljrf/ ug'{xf];\– !# ldg]6 . To;kl5 df3 dlxgfsf] cd[tsfndf!# ldg]6 sxfF kb{5 x]g'{xf];\ . ToxfF n]lvPsf] 5— !! b]lv !% ldg]6;Dd M Jofqflbsf nflu ;jf{lws pko'Qm ;do 5 . o; sfnsf b]jL ‘;/:jtL’ x'g\,d'uLsf] bfgf rkfP/ ofqf k|f/De ug'{ z'e dflgG5 . ca oxfF n]lvPcg';f/ ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 .42uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ df3

k|of]u u/]/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ z'e dflgG5 .@^ b]lv #) ldg]6;Dd M B't sfo{, Jofkf/, ofqfcflbsf nflu of] ;do pko'Qm 5 . o; ;dosf b]j‘zlg’ x'g\, ltnsf] eIf0f u/]/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ z'edflgG5 .#! b]lv #% ldg]6;Dd M ofqfsf nflu of] ;doz'e 5 . o; ;dosf b]jtf ‘u0fklt’ x'g\, rfs'sf] eIf0fu/]/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ z'e dflgG5 .#^ b]lv $) ldg]6;Dd M B't sfo{, Jofkf/ k|f/Deug'{, s'g} klg 3/ jf k;nsf] d'x"t{ cflbsf nflu of];do z'e 5 . o; ;dosf b]jtf ‘lji0f'’ x'g\,zVv/ vfg' z'e 5 .$! b]lv $% ldg]6;Dd M ofqf,Jofkf/, pGglt sfo{ Pj+ ;d:tz'e sfo{sf nflu o; ;dosf]r'gfj ug'{ z'e xf] . o;;dosf k|wfg b]j ‘lji0f'’x'g\, dL7f] ksjfg eIf0fz'e dflgG5 .$^ b]lv %) ldg]6;DdM ljjfx cflbsf nflu k|:yfg,cGt/jftf{, d'2f–dfldnfcflbsf nflu of] ;do z'edflgG5 . o; ;dosf clwi7ftfb]j ‘xg'dfg\’ x'g\, rfs'sf] eIf0f u/]/sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ z'e dflgG5 .%! b]lv %% ldg]6;Dd M ofqf, :yfloTj;DaGwLsfo{, Jofkf/ k|f/De, d'x"t{ cflbsf nflu of] ;dosf]r'gfj z'e 5 . o; ;dosL b]jL ‘nIdL’ x'g\, b"w–k|;fbeIf0f u/]/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ z'e dflgG5 .%^ b]lv ^) ldg]6;Dd M :yfoL sfo{ Pj+ Jofkf/,pGglt tyf ofqflbsf nflu of] z'e ;do xf] . o;sfclwi7fqL b]jL ‘uf}/L’ x'g\, b"af] vfg' z'e dflgG5 .df3 dlxgfsf] jqm sfn! b]lv % ldg]6;Dd M hf;";L, e]b 1fg ug'{,;fd'Gg]sf JolQmnfO{ k|efljt ug'{ cflbsf nflu of] ;do7Ls 5 . o; ;dosf k|wfg b]j ‘jft’ x'g\, rfdn vfP/ofqf ug'{kb{5 .^ b]lv !) ldg]6;Dd M Jofkfl/s sfo{x¿sf nfluof] ;do z'e 5 . o; ;dosf k|wfg b]j ‘u'?’ x'g\,a];gaf6 agfOPsf ld7fOsf] k|of]u z'e dflgG5 .!! b]lv !% ldg]6;Dd M k|]d–k|bz{g, k|0fo cflbsfnflu of] ;dosf] r'gfj 7Ls /xG5 . o; ;dosf k|wfgb]j ‘sfdb]j’ x'g\, dx eIf0f u/]/ lxF8\g' z'e 5 .!^ b]lv @) ldg]6;Dd M ofqflbsf nflu of] ;docg's"n 5 . ‘d?t\’ o; ;dosf k|wfg b]j x'g\, rfs'sf]eIf0f u/]/ ofqf/De z'e dflgG5 .@! b]lv @% ldg]6;Dd M k|]d, jfB, B't cflbsfnflu z'e ;do xf] . o; ;dosf k|wfg b]j ‘k'ikwGjf’x'g\, dxsf] ;]jg z'e dflgG5 .@^ b]lv #) ldg]6;Dd M B't sfo{sfnflu pko'Qm ;do xf] . o; ;dosfk|wfg b]j ‘j?0f’ x'g\, bxL vfP/ ofqfug'{kb{5 .#! b]lv #% ldg]6;Dd Mldqtf a9fpg], clwsf/ k|fKtug]{, :yfgfGt/0f cflbsf nfluof] ;do pko'Qm 5 . o;;dosf k|wfg b]j ‘;"o{’ x'g\,hL/fsf] eIf0f z'e dflgG5 .#^ b]lv $) ldg]6;Dd Mh'jf, bf}8, rnlrq, Jofkf/ cflbsfnflu of] pko'Qm ;do xf] . o;sf k|wfgb]j ‘z'qmfrfo{’ x'g\, dL7f] ksjfg vfP/ sfo{k|f/De ug'{ z'e x'G5 .$! b]lv $% ldg]6;Dd M Jofkf/ cflbsf nflu of];do ck]Iffs[t 7Ls 5 . k|f/Dedf ljnDe eP klg kl5l;l4 ldN5 . o; ;dosf k|wfg b]j ‘u?8’ x'g\, xl/b|feIf0f u/]/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ z'e /xG5 .$^ b]lv %) ldg]6;Dd M ofqfsf nflu cf/Dedfs]xL afwfsf/s eP klg cGtdf 7Ls 5 . o;sf k|wfgb]j ‘clUg’ x'g\, ;:o"{F rkfP/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ pQddflgG5 .%! b]lv %% ldg]6;Dd M Jofkf/, Joj;fosf nflu;fdfGo¿kdf cg's"n 5 . o; ;dosf k|wfg b]j ‘rGb|df’x'g\, bxL eIf0f z'e dflgG5 .%^ b]lv ^) ldg]6;Dd M ofqf cflbsf nflu of];do ljz]if cg's"n 5 . o; ;dosf k|wfg b]j ‘u0fklt’x'g\, rfs'sf] eIf0f z'e dflgG5 .eujfg\ lzj ljz]if 43

df3 dlxgfsf] z"Go sfn! b]lv % ldg]6;Dd M afwfsf/s ;do, t/d'2f–dfldnfsf nflu z'e . o; ;dosf b]jtf ‘xg'dfg’x'g\, rfs', l3p vfP/ ofqf ubf{ cg's"n .^ b]lv !) ldg]6;Dd M k|To]s sfo{sf nflu ;fdfGocg's"n 5 . o; ;dosf k|wfg b]jtf ‘ds/Wjh’ x'g\,tf]/Lsf] rj{0f z'e .!! b]lv !% ldg]6;Dd M B't sfo{sf nflu z'e .o; ;dosf b]jtf ‘sfn’ x'g\, dx eIf0f u/]/ lxF8\g'cg's"n 5 .!^ b]lv @) ldg]6;Dd M B't, dB, 3f]8fbf}8,;f}Gbo{k|zfwg ;fdu|Lsf] ljqmo, Jofkf/ cflbsf nflucg's"n . o;sf k|wfg b]jtf ‘ljZjsdf{’ x'g\, rfs',l3psf] eIf0f z'e dflgG5 .@! b]lv @% ldg]6;Dd M z'e, ofqflbsf nflucg's"n . o; ;dosf k|wfg b]jtf ‘a|Ådf’ x'g\, bxLsf];]jg z'e dflgG5 .@^ b]lv #) ldg]6;Dd M sfo{sf] k|f/Dedf tgfjt/ kl5 l:yltdf ;'wf/ . k|wfg b]j ‘clUg’sf] :d/0f /ltnsf] eIf0f z'e .#! b]lv #% ldg]6;Dd M k|0fo–k|;+u, dBkfg, h'jf,3f]8fbf}8 cflbsf nflu cg's"n . o; ;dosf k|wfg b]jtf‘z'qmfrfo{’ x'g\, kmnsf] ;]jg u/]/ lxF8\g'kb{5 .#^ b]lv $) ldg]6;Dd M k|To]s sfo{ jf ofqflbsfnflu k|f/Dedf afwfsf/s t/ kl5 z'e . o;sf k|wfgb]jL ‘nIdL’ x'g\, rfdn eIf0f z'e .$! b]lv $% ldg]6;Dd M k|To]s sfo{sf nflucz'e Pj+ k/]zfgLk"0f{, t/ klg ‘u0fklt’sf] :d/0f /rfs' vfP/ sfo{ k|f/De ubf{ z'e .$^ b]lv %) ldg]6;Dd M k|To]s sfo{ Jojwfgk"0f{5, t/ klg ‘uf}/L’sf] :d/0f / bxLsf] eIf0fkl5 sfo{k|f/De ugf{n] s]xL cg's"ntf .%! b]lv %% ldg]6;Dd M ofqflbsf nflu ljk/Lt;do, z'e sfo{x¿df jlh{t, k|wfg b]jtf ‘lrqu'Kt’sf]:d/0f / km"nsf] eIf0f u/]/ sfo{sf] k|f/De ubf{ s]xLcg's"ntf .%^ b]lv ^) ldg]6;Dd M k|To]s sfo{sf nflu cz'ePj+ afwfsf/s, t/ ‘lxl8Daf’sf] :d/0f / 3[t eIf0fz'e 5 . ho u'?b]j ¤44hGd!(() kmfNu'0f @(xflb{s >4f~hln:j= u0f]zs'df/ >]i7l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|;Dks{ sfof{no uf]/vf a;kfs{:juf{/f]x0f@)^^ d+l;/ &;flwsf ;'zLnf >]i7sf ;;'/f u0f]zs'df/>]i7sf] $% cf}F lbgsf] k'0oltlydf d[tfTdfsf]lr/ zflGtsf nflu k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx¿sf]r/0fsdndf efjk"0f{ k|fy{gf ub}{ zf]s ;GtKtkl/jf/hgk|lt xflb{s ;dj]bgf JoQm ub{5f}F .dGq tGq oGq lj1fg;DaGwLg]kfns} klxnf] /]l8of] sfo{qmduf]/If lglvn ;Gb]zgnsandesh@ssk.org.np:yfg ;do -laxfg_ :6]zg d]ufxh{kf]v/f ;f]daf/ %M)%—%M$% df5fk'R5«] FM (!lrtjg ;f]daf/ %M))—%M$) sflnsf FM (%=@wgu9L ;f]daf/ %M#)—^M)) lbg]z FM (#=*;'v]{t ;f]daf/ %M!%—%M$% /]l8of] e]/L FM (*=^uf]/vf ;f]daf/ %M))—%M#) /]l8of] uf]/vf FM (@=*e}/xjf laxLaf/ %M))—%M$% ¿kGb]xL FM !)@bfª 3f]/fxL laxLaf/ %M#)—^M)) /]l8of] dWoklZrd FM (!=$kfNkf laxLaf/ %M))—%M#) /]l8of] d'lQmgfy FM ()=*l;Gw'nL laxLaf/ %M))—%M#) l;Gw'nLu9L FM !)#=^bfª ndxL z'qmaf/ %M#)—^M)) /]l8of] b]pv'/L FM !)%=*kf]v/f laxLaf/ %M#)—^M)) /]l8of] ;/f°f]6 FM !)$=^bdf}nL laxLaf/ %M@%—%M%% bdf}nL FM ($=@sf]xnk'/ laxLaf/ %M#)—^M)) sf]xnk'/ FM !))=@lrtjg ;f]daf/ %M))—%M$) lqj]0fL FM !))=^bdf}nL a'waf/ %M)%—%M#% dfbL;]tL FM !)%=*;Nofg laxLaf/ %M))—%M#) /]l8of] ;Nofg FM !)!bdf}nL a'waf/ %M!)—%M#) /]l8of] tgx"F FM (&=@uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ df3

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ljBf>d ultljlwk/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jåo >L >L dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfy Pj+ k/dx+; :jfdL>L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fhsf] cfzLjf{b:j¿k l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|, g]kfnsf]Joj:yfkgdf ;~rflnt uf]/If lglvn Hof]lt lbJo ljBf>dsf] :yfkgf @)^@ j}zfv% ut] ePsf] xf] . k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jaf6 k|fKt cfb]zfg';f/ ;dfhdf cfWoflTdslzIff nfu" ug{sf nflu :yfkgf ePsf] o; ljBf>dsf] k|f/Dedf g;{/Lb]lv sIffPs;Dd ;~rfng ePsf] lyof] h;df ljBfyL{ ;+Vof &) /x]sf] lyof] . :yfkgfsf] Psjif{ glaTb} ljBf>dsf] ljsf; qmd a9\g yfNof], kmn:j¿k bf];|f] jif{df ljBf>dn]sIff Psb]lv kfFr;Dd ;~rfng ug]{ cg'dlt k|fKt u¥of] h;df s'n ljBfyL{ ;+Vof@ ;o $@ hgf lyof] eg] cfjf;Lo ljBfyL{ ;+Vof %% lyof] . t];|f] jif{df km]l/k|ultsf] dfu{df cufl8 a9\b} ljBf>dn] sIff ;ft;Dd k9fpg] cj;/ k|fKt u¥of]h;cGtu{t cfjf;Lo ljBfyL{ ;+Vof a9]/ *) k'u]sf] lyof] . ljBf>dn] rf}yf] jif{dfsIff cf7;Dd k7gkf7g ;~rfng u/]/ k|ydk6s lhNnf:t/Lo sIff ;~rfng ug{;kmn eof] . xfn kfFrf}F jif{sf] cGt/fndf ljBf>dn] sIff gf};Dd k7gkf7g sfo{ul//x]sf] 5 h;cGtu{t cfjf;Lo ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof a9]/ !@! /x]sf] 5 eg] s'nljBfyL{ ;+Vof nueu #&) /x]sf] 5 . ;b\u'?b]jx¿sf] cfzLjf{b:j¿k, nugzLnsd{rf/L tyf cf>dsf ;fws ;flwsfx¿sf] plrt ;xof]usf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ljBf>dcfh o;/L k|ultsf] dfu{df cufl8 a9\g ;kmn ePsf] 5 . b'O{ u'?nfO{ b'O{ cfFvfsf]¿kdf / cfw'lgs (Mordern) lzIffnfO{ bflxg] xTs]nf tyf cfWoflTds (Spiritual)lzIffnfO{ b]a|] xTs]nfsf] ¿kdf dfg]/ ljBf>d cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 .ljBf>ddf xfn ;~rfng eO/x]sf] k7gkf7gsf] ljlwnfO{ b'O{ km/s t/Lsfn]cfFsng ug{ ;lsG5 . Psflt/ PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] :s'nsf] ¿kdf ljBf>ddfc¿ ;DkGg :s'nsf h:t} x/]s ljifoj:t'sf] hfgsf/L lbOG5 eg] ljz]if¿kdfx/]s ljifonfO{ Jofjxfl/s (Practical) ¿kdf k|dfl0ft u/]/ k9fOG5 eg] ;–;fgfljBfyL{nfO{ eg]/ df]G6]z/L k|0ffnLcGtu{t k9fOg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ljBf>dsf]yk ljifoj:t'sf] ¿kdf cfWoflTds lzIffsf] ¿kdf Jofjxfl/s 1fgsf s'/fx¿l;sfOG5g\ . ;fy} of]u, Wofg, k"hfkf7 tyf cGo cfWoflTds lqmofsnfkdf ljBfyL{nfO{;dfj]z u/fOG5 h;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ljBfyL{df w]/} /fd|f] kl/jt{g ePsf] ;lhn} b]Vg;lsG5 . zfob o;}n] ubf{ xfn ljBf>ddf cfkm\gf gfgLx¿nfO{ cWoog u/fpgsfnflu cleefjsx¿n] lg/Gt/ k|of; ul//x]sf] kl/j]z 5 .cGt/ljBfno km'6an k|ltof]lutfdf k|yduf]/If lglvn Hof]lt lbJo ljBf>dn] ls/fFt]Zj/ lqmol6e Snan] cfof]hgfu/]sf] cGt/ljBfno km'6an k|ltof]lutf -!# jif{d'lgsf_ df k|yd :yfg xfl;nu/]sf] 5 . sf7df8f}Fsf] a;'Gw/fdf ut kf}if @ ut]b]lv gf}j6f ljBfnoaLr ePsf]pQm k|lt:kwf{df klxnf] v]n k|bz{gaf6 g} bz{sx¿sf] dg lhTg ;kmn ljBf>dsfv]nf8Lx¿n] zf/Ll/s¿kdf ;fg} eP klg s'g} klg v]ndf xf/sf] ;fdgf ug'{k/]g . gf}dWo] kfFr ljBfno;Fu k|lt:kwf{ u/]sf] ljBf>dn] ;]dLkmfOgndf k[YjLaf]l8{Ë :s'n;Fu tyf kmfOgndf l6ln·f6f/ :s'n;Fu k|lt:kwf{ u/]sf] lyof] .kmfOgn v]nsf] ;dfkgkl5 Snasf k'sf/ /f0ffsf] cWoIftfdf ;DkGg k'/:sf/ljt/0f sfo{qmddf ljleGg ljwfcGtu{t ;a}eGbf a9L k'/:sf/ ljBf>dn] k|fKtu/]sf] lyof] . g]kfn lgd'vf afnaflnsf pTyfg ;+:yfgsf afnaflnsfx¿sf];xof]ufy{ pQm k|ltof]lutf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .48uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ df3

cf>d kl/rosf7df8f}Faf6 *& ls=dL= 6f9fl;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnf ljleGg wfld{s Pj+ko{6sLo :ynsf] ¿kdf k|l;4 5 . o; lhNnfdftftf]kfgL, e}/j s'08, kfFrkf]v/L, sfln~rf]s,hggL dftf Ifdfb]jL, pu|r08L lnl:t dftf,lqk'/f;'Gb/L dftf, /QmsfnL dftf, n§]Zj/dxfb]j, sk]Zj/ dxfb]j, 6'G6'g dxfb]j, uf}/tLeLd]Zj/, l;l4sfnL dftf cflb k|l;4 wfld{sPj+ ko{6sLo :ynx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx¿sf] c;Ld s[kf:j¿ko; l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfdf l;4f>d zlQms]Gb|¿kL aLh /f]Kg] sfo{ lj=;+=@)^# df3!% ut] cf/tL ;+rfng s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf o;}lhNnfsf] afx|la;]df ePsf] lyof] . tTkZrft\o;sf] ljsf; lj:tf/ x'Fb} @)^$ sflt{s !(ut]af6 of] ;Dks{ sfof{nodf ¿kfGt/0f eof] . xfn o;;Dks{ sfof{nocGtu{t ;'s'6]df cf/tL ;+rfng s]Gb|,sf]7]df k|rf/k|;f/ sIf, lhNnf ;b/d'sfd rf}tf/fdfcf/tL ;+rfng s]Gb| :yfkgf eO;s]sf 5g\ eg] lgs6eljiodf cGo :yfgx¿df k|rf/k|;f/ sIfx¿ :yfkgfx'g] tof/L eO/x]sf] 5 .o; cf>daf6 ljleGg cfWoflTds ultljlwx¿;~rfng x'Fb} cfO/x]sf 5g\ . cf>d lgoldt¿kdflbpF;f] #M)) ah] v'Nb5 eg] lgTo ;fF´ %M)) ah] u'?cf/tL ;DkGg x'g] ub{5 . k|To]s ljxLaf/ laxfg !)ah] u'? k"hg, k|To]s c+u|]hL dlxgfsf] @! tf/LvdflbJo u'? dxf]T;j ;DkGg x'Fb} cfO/x]sf 5g\ eg] u'?k"l0f{df dxf]T;j, ;b\u'?b]j cjt/0f lbj; -clk|n @!_,dxfk|of0f lbj; -h'nfO{ #_, k"hgLo u'?dftfsf] hGdlbj; -clk|n *_ tyf ljleGg kj{x¿df k"hg, xjg,dGqhk, ehg–sLt{gnufot ljz]if sfo{qmd ;DkGg x'Fb}cfO/x]sf 5g\ . uf]/If k|s6 lbj; -j}zfvL k"l0f{df_ dfuf]/vfsf] uf]/v u'kmfdf k|To]s jif{ l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|g]kfnn] cfof]hgf ub}{ cfO/x]sf] /f]6 dxf]T;jx¿df o;;Dks{ sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 pNn]Vo¿kdf ;fws–;flwsfeQmhgx¿n] ;xeflutf hgfpFb} cfO/xg'ePsf] 5 .o;}u/L cf>dsf cGo ultljlwx¿df l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|g]kfnåf/f k|sflzt cfWoflTds zlQm cg';Gwfgd"nsdfl;s klqsf uf]/If lglvn jf0fLsf] jflif{s ;b:ox¿lj:tf/ ug]{, ;+:yfut sfo{qmdx¿df cf>dsf] ultljlwsf]af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg], ljleGg rf8kj{ Pj+ cj;/x¿df:yfgLo ahf/nufot cGo If]qdf ehg–sLt{g, b]p;L–e}nf]cflb sfo{qmdx¿ ;DkGg ub{} cfO/x]sf 5g\ . o;} u/L o;;Dks{ sfof{noaf6 ;do ;dodf ljleGg d7–dlGb/x¿df;/;kmfOsf sfo{qmdx¿ klg ;DkGg x'Fb} cfO/x]sf 5g\ .‘tflGqs ;fwgf tflGqs Wofg, dfgj hLjgsf]jf:tljs 1fg’h:tf gf/fnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ o; ;Dks{sfof{nodf @)^% df3 !% ut] bf];|f] jflif{sf]T;jaf6klxnf] r/0fsf] Wofgsf] sIff klg ;~rfng eO{;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg eof] .;+:yfn] c1ft gfy kGysf] sfo{z}nLdf k|j]zkfO;s]kl5 o; ;Dks{ sfof{nosf nflu xfn;fn} @)^^d+l;/ !@ ut]af6 & hgf u'?;]jf bnsf ;b:ox¿sf]xflhgf ;d"x u7g ePsf] 5 . ;b\u'?b]jx¿sf] cfzLjf{btyf ;b\u'?b]jx¿k|ltsf] sfo{stf{x¿sf] elQmefj,;+:yf / u'?sfo{k|ltsf] nufjsf] sf/0fn] cfufdL lbgdfcfWoflTds o'u lgdf{0fsf] dxfg\ of]hgfdf o; ;Dks{sfof{non] dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] lglZrt 5 .cfufdL df3 !% ut] o; ;Dks{ sfof{nosf] t];|f]jflif{sf]T;j sfo{qmd ljz]if¿kdf ;DkGg x'g] ePsf]n];Dk"0f{ dxfg'efjx¿nfO{ pQm sfo{qmddf xflb{s cfdGq0fub{5f}F . ho u'?b]j ¤eujfg\ lzj ljz]if 49

50xjg sfo{qmdl;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|sfdfl;s sfo{qmd cGtu{t x/]sdlxgfsf] klxnf] xKtf ;~rfngx'Fb} cfO/x]sf xjg sfo{qmdx¿ut kf}if dlxgfdf lgDgfg';f/;DkGg eof]— kf}if ^ ut];f]daf/ kz'klt d[u:ynLl:ytu'? uf]/vgfysf] dlGb/ k|f+u0fdf>L lzj uf]/If xjg, kf}if & ut]d+unaf/ nugv]nl:yt j6'se}/j dlGb/ k|f+u0fdf tfGqf]Qmj6's e}/j xjg, kf}if ! ut]a'waf/ nvgv]nl:yt dftfdxfnIdLsf] dlGb/ k|f+u0fdftfGqf]Qm dxfnIdL xjg, kf}if @ut] laxLaf/ s'De]Zj/ kf6gl:ytdftf aunfd'vL dlGb/ k|f+u0fdftfGqf]Qm aunfd'vL xjg;DkGg eof] . pk/f]Qm xjgsfo{qmdx¿dWo] tfGqf]Qm j6'se}/j xjg laxfg &M)) ah]b]lv;~rfng ePsf] lyof] eg] afFsLxjg sfo{qmdx¿ laxfg *M))ah]af6 ;~rfng ePsf lyP .o:t} dfl;s xjgs}z[ª\vnfdf ut kf}if ! ut] a'waf/kf]v/fsf] ljGWojfl;gL dlGb/k|f+u0fdf tfGqf]Qm ljGWojfl;gLxjg sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] .kf}if @ ut] laxLaf/ tgx'Fsf]bdf}nLl:yt j]bJof; u'kmfkl/;/df tfGqf]Qm dxlif{ j]bJof;xjg sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] .kf}if & ut] d+unaf/ eQmk'/sf];"o{ljgfos dlGb/ k|f+u0fdftfGqf]Qm u0fklt xjg ;DkGgeof] eg] pQm lbgdf g} sfe|]sf]r08]Zj/L dlGb/df tfGqf]Qmr08]Zj/L xjg eof] .cf>d ultljlwlbJo u'? dxf]T;jut kf}if ^ ut] sf7df8f}Fsf] a;'Gw/fl:yt uf]/If lglvn Hof]lt lbJoljBf>ddf ljleGg sfo{qmd;lxt lbJo u'? dxf]T;j ;DkGg eof] . k/dk"Ho;b\u'?b]j k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fh 8f= gf/fo0f bQ >LdfnLsf]¿kdf o; w/tLdf kbfk{0f x'g'ePsf] P]ltxfl;s If0fsf] :d/0f:j¿k l;4f>dzlQm s]Gb|n] c+u|]hL dlxgfsf] k|To]s @! tf/LvnfO{ lbJo u'? dxf]T;jsf] ¿kdfdgfpFb} cfO/x]sf] 5 .:tjg jGbgf;Fu} !)M!% df z'? ePsf] lbJo u'? dxf]T;jdf u'? kfb'sfsf]lbJo k"hg, dGq hk, xjg, cf/tL, ehg–sLt{g / g[Toflb sfo{qmdx¿ ;DkGgePsf lyP . dxf]T;jdf k"hg ug]{ ;f}efUo dx]z cfrfo{ / ;ljg cfrfo{n]k|fKt ug'{ePsf] lyof] .sfo{qmdsf] bf];|f] r/0f u'?;]jf bnsf ;b:o dw'dlt /+lhtsf] :jfut–dGtJoaf6 z'? ePsf] lyof] . bf];|f] r/0fdf l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|sf] u'? ;]jfbndf kbf;Lg x'g'ePsfx¿nfO{ xl/of] kf]zfs ljt/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . /ftf] l6sfnufOlbFb} pQm kf]zfs ;fj/ kGyL ;b:o ! Ho"n] ljt/0f ug'{ePsf] lyof] .sfo{qmddf :jjrgsf] qmddf ;fj/ kGyL ;b:o ! Ho"n] u'?sf] jf:tljs:j¿kaf/] cjut u/fpg'ePsf] lyof] . ‘olb xfdLdf 1fg 5 eg] knkndf xfdLdfu'? x'g'x'G5’— pxfFn] pQm cj;/df atfpg'eof] .sfo{qmddf pxfFn] ljz]if Wofgsf] k|lzIf0f klg u/fpg'ePsf] lyof] . :d/0fLo5, l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|n] lbJo u'? dxf]T;jsf] kfjg cj;/df pkl:ytx¿sfnflu ljz]if Wofg k|bfg ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .sfo{qmddf xfn} ;Dks{ sfof{nodf ¿kfGt/0f x'g] ;f}efUo kfPsf] tLgs'g];Dks{ sfof{no / uf]/If lglvn Hof]lt lbJo ljBf>dn] g[To k|:t't u/]sf lyP .cf>d ejg lznGof;l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|df c=gf=k= sfo{z}nL lelqPkl5 gjLg 9+uaf6 ;f+u7lgs:j¿kx¿df km]/abn x'Fb} cfO/x]sf 5g\ . o;} qmddf sf:sL lhNnfdf tLgj6f;Dks{ sfof{nox¿ :yflkt ePkl5 v8f ePsf] If]qLo sfof{nosf] nflu ejglgdf{0fsf] nflu sl6a4 eP/ nfluk/]sf ToxfFsf sfo{stf{x¿sf] ;Tk|of;n];fy{stf kfPsf] 5 . pa8vfa8 hdLgdf klg 8f]h/ nufP/ ;DofpFb} If]qLoejgsf] lznfGof; xfn;fn} ePkZrft\ ejg lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofn] ;d]t ultkfPsf] 5 / rfF8} g} lgdf{0f ;DkGg x'g] cfzf klg lng ;lsG5 .k|=;=sf= ljzfngu/åf/f /Qmbfg sfo{qmd cfof]hgfl;4f>d zlQm s]Gb| k|:tfljt ;Dks{ sfof{no ljzfngu/ / dgdfg]Zj/Lo'jf Sna, 6+ufnsf] cfof]hgfdf ut kf}if !* ut] /Qmbfg sfo{qmd ;DkGgeof] . dgdfg]Zj/L dlGb/ k|f+u0fdf ;DkGg pQm sfo{qmddf 5kGg hgf/Qmbftfx¿n] cfkm\gf] /ut bfg u/]sf lyP . sfo{qmd laxfg !! ah] z'ef/DeePsf] lyof] .uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ df3

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hf“bf hf“b}xfdLx? b]V5f}F w]/} dflg;x?sf] ;do csf{sf] af/]df ;f]r]/ lalt/xG5 . of] dfG5] o:tf], Tof]dfG5] To:tf], o;n] of] 7Ls u¥of], Tof] a]7Ls eGbfeGb} dflg;sf] hLjgsf] clwsf+z ;do lat]sf]x'G5 . hals cfkm\gf] hLjgsf] dxŒjk"0f{ ;do t dflg;n] cfkm" :jo+sf] d"NofÍg u/]/, cfkm\gf sdL–sdhf]/Lx?nfO{ x6fP/ cfkm"nfO{ Pp6f clåtLo dfgj agfpgdf JotLt ug'{kg]{ lyof] . b'MvbfoL s'/ft cem of] x'G5 ls ;dfhdf ;fdfGo hLjgofkg ul//x]sf dflg;x? dfq geP/ cWofTd;Fu hf]l8P/cfkm\gf] hLjgnfO{ pmWj{d'vL agfpg cu|;/ dflg;x?df klg of] k|j[lQ b]lvG5 . cWofTdsf] nIo g}cfkm\gf hGd–hGdsf kfk, bf]ifx?nfO{ x6fP/ cfkm\gf] cfTdfsf] pHHjn :j?knfO{ k|fKt ub}{ k/dfTdfdfnLg x'g' xf] . ha;Dd dflg;x?sf] hGd–hGdsf kfk, bf]ifx?nfO{ kvflnGg, pRrtf k|flKt c;Dej5 . t/ hGd–hGdsf kfk, bf]ifx?nfO{ x6fpg cWofTddf hf]l8Psf] dflg; cfkm\gf] o; p2]ZonfO{ la;]{/cem kfk, bf]ifsf] ef/L a9fO/x]sf] x'G5 .clwsf+z dflg;x? eGb5g\ ls pgLx? ;xL 5g\, ;To 5g\ t/ csf]{ JolQm unt 5, em"6 5 .pgLx?sf] k/dfTdf;Fusf] ;DaGw efjelQmo'Qm 5, t/ csf]{sf] Tof] ;DaGw Pp6f 9f]+u dfq xf] . of];a} b]v]/ k/dfTdfnfO{ slt xfF;f] p7\5 xf]nf < lsgls s'g} csf]{ JolQmsf] k/dfTdf;Fusf] ;DaGwnfO{,p;sf] ;Totf, c;TotfnfO{ g t s;}n] aflx/af6 x]/]/ d"NofÍg ug{ ;Sb5, g t o:tf] d"NofÍg ug]{clwsf/ g} p;nfO{ 5 .x'g ;S5 hf] JolQmnfO{ xfdL unt b]Vb5f}F, pm k/dfTdfsf] lk|o x'g ;S5 / hf] JolQmnfO{ xfdLeQm b]Vb5f}F p;sf] jf:tljstf To:tf] gx'g ;S5 . To;}n] o:tf s'/fx? ;f]r]/, csf{sf] cgfjZos6Lsfl6Kk0fL u/]/ xfdLn] cfkm\gf] ;do lsg vlr{g] < xfdL cfkm"nfO{ ;xL ;flat ug{ csf{nfO{ k|foMunt ;flat ug]{ sf]lzz ul//x]sf x'G5f}F . xfd|f] o:tf] sf]lzzaf6 s]xL JolQmx?sf] cufl8 xfdL cfkm"nfO{;xL ;fljt ug{ ;sfF}nf t/ tL k/dfTdf, hf] ;j{JofkL 5g\, ltgsf cufl8 xfdL s:tf] agfF}nf