Medical Tourism in Developing Countries

244 ● Indextourism sectormarket structures of 76–77public sector in 67–70tourist appeal 134–135tourist services, demand for 45tradein goods versus services26–27health-related, regulation of 90liberalization and 4, 128–30in services, destination countries notcommitted to 129–30trade barriers 191n17Trade Related Aspects of IntellectualProperty Rights 90trade theory 29–30traditional healing 71, 95Chinese 132–33confluence with high-techmedicine 131–34market for 76See also alternative therapiesTransfer of Knowledge ThroughExpatriate Nations 107transplant law 122transplant tourism 42, 90transportationair 47–48, 92, 118cheap 4inadequate 160as obstacle to medical tourism158–60transportation systems 117–18travel and tourism industry 18economic activity from 21Trehan, Naresh 58, 108TRIPS, 90, 140UUNCTAD. See United NationsConference on Trade andDevelopmentunderprivileged, advocacy and programsfor 89U.S. Food and Drug Administration,pharmaceutical criteria of 79United Arab Emirateseconomies of scale in 76physician licensing in 150United Kingdomhealth care model in 151medical tourism in 5national health insurance in 51United Nations, involvement intourism 88United Nations Conferenceon Environment andDevelopment 79–80United Nations Conference on Tradeand Development, function of 2United Nations Human DevelopmentIndex 15United Stateshealth care model of 151health-care spending in 51, 164health-care system ranking of 183licensing/credentialing in 151medical tourism in 5weakened primary care systemin 166UNWTO. See World TourismOrganizationupper-middle income economies 14Vvacations, as postoperative bonus 2Vellore, India 57visa requirements 158–60visasdestination countries requiring 159medical. See medical visasvitiligo, Cuban treatment for 59WWarner, David 108, 150Wasserman, Ellen 128–29waste management 115–16water systems, developed 115