Medical Tourism in Developing Countries

Index ● 241rich versus poor 176rural versus urban 177See also medical touristspharmaceuticalsCanadian and Mexican sources of 58criteria for 79patenting of 141standards for 146for tropical disease 169, 203n76pharmacogenomics 142–43Philippine Health TourismProgram 73Philippinesalternative medicine in 132brain drain from 106–7economic ranking of 14education and training in 102electricity consumption in 117health indicators in 171tinternational standards and 148JCI accredited institutions in 149tmedical tourism marketingstrategies 62nurses from 6out-migration from 101pharmaceutical standards in 146public sector in 71, 72telemedicine in 78Thai investment in 86tourist appeal of 134transportation systems in 117–18U.S. nurses from 106water access in 115plastic surgery 43in Thailand 59police corruption 124, 124tpolitical institutionsdeveloped 119–21role of 10Potter, Maureen 148poverty, and susceptibility todisease 170pregnancy tourism 42Preston, Samuel 172Prestowitz, Clyde 4, 18preventive medicinepatient income and 53See also alternative therapies;traditional healingpricecompetitive 96–99demand for medical tourismand 38effects of medical tourism on 162–63as pull and push 49–53price-cutting 97–98private health insurance, in sourcecountries 152private insurance model of healthcare 151private sector 74–79cooperation with public sector 79–82government regulations and 81growth of medical technologyand 77–78medical tourism market structuresin 75–77pharmaceuticals and 78physical capital for medical tourismand 77productioncosts of 95shifting sites of 160–61profits, repatriation of 35promotionadvantages in 95–137. Seealso destination countries,advantages ofobstacles to 139–68. See alsomedical tourism, obstacles toproperty rights, protection of 122, 123tPsacharopoulos, George 174public funding, for private hospitalprocedures 161public healthin China 67–68crowding in of 177–79crowding out of 175–77