Medical Tourism in Developing Countries
Medical Tourism in Developing Countries Medical Tourism in Developing Countries
Notes ● 21314. International Standards Organization (ISO), ISO in Brief, www.iso.org/iso/en/prods-services/otherpubs/pdf/isoinbrief_2005-en.pdf, accessed June 19, 2006.15. Ames Gross and Rachel Weintraub, “Drug, Device and Cosmetic Regulationsin Malaysia,” Pacific Bridge Medical (July 2005), www.pacificbridgemedical.com/publications/html/MalaysiaJuly05.htm, accessed June 11, 2006.16. Gross, “Updates on Malaysia’s Medical Markets.”17. Economic Times, “A Health Check for Indian Hospitals,” Economic TimesOnline, June 2, 2006, www.economictimes.indiatimes.com/srticleshow/msid-1606589.prtpage1.cms, accessed June 17, 2006.18. “RP Ready for Medical Tourism,” Global Nation, March 2004, www.inq7.net/globalnation/ser_ann/2004/mar/12-01.htm.19. While mechanisms exist for supervision and monitoring, there is a lack of continuousappraisal of quality and appropriateness in both private and public hospitals,leading Singkaew and Chaichana to say there is “a passive regulatory systemfor health care [italics mine]” (Songphan Singkaew and Songyot Chaichana, “TheCase of Thailand,” in UNCTAD-WHO Joint Publication, International Trade inHealth Services: A Development Perspective (Geneva: UN, 1998), p. 240.20. Gross, “Updates on Malaysia’s Medical Markets.”21. Bharat Biotech is in agreement with Wyeth Laboratories of Mumbai for atyphoid vaccine that Wyeth supplies to Asian countries (Clyde Prestowitz, ThreeBillion New Capitalists (New York: Basic Books, 2005), p. 95.22. Interview conducted by Karla Bookman with Robert Thurer, Chief AcademicOfficer, Harvard Medical School Dubai Center, in Dubai on July 2, 2006.23. David Warner “The Globalization of Medical Care,” UNCTAD-WHO JointPublication, International Trade in Health Services, p. 71.24. Mario Marconini, “Domestic Capacity and International Trade in HealthServices: the Main Issues,” in UNCTAD-WHO Joint Publication, InternationalTrade in Health Services, p. 55.25. The success rate is 99%. Aaditya Mattoo and Randeep Rathindran, “How HealthInsurance Inhibits Trade in Health Care,” Health Affairs 25, no. 2 (2006).26. The Indian government has set up task force on medical tourism to figure outlegislation for mandatory registration of all clinical establishments to ensurestandardization and uniformity in services. The government is also working ona Clinical Establishment Act that will make registration of all hospitals andclinics compulsory. Bhanu Pande and Sudipto Dey, “Are Hospitals Ready forMed Tourism?” Economic Times, September 24, 2005, www.economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1241131, accessed September 24, 2005.27. Joint Commission International, Accreditation Overview, www.jointcommissioninternational.com/international.asp?durki=7657, accessed June 7, 2006.28. Joint Commission International, Accredited Organizations, www.jointcommissioninternational.com/international.asp, accessed June 7, 2006.29. Olga Pierce, “Cashing In On Healthcare Trade,” in Medical Tourism: NewsAbout Medical Tourism and Patients Traveling to Foreign Countries for MedicalTreatment, March 12, 2006, www.globalhealthtours.com/medical_news/2006_03_12_archive.htm, accessed June 7, 2006.
214 ● Notes30. Joint Commission International, Accredited Organizations.31. “RP Ready for Medical Tourism.”32. Half of the states in the United States require that egregious events are reported,namely those that result in death or disability or procedure on wrong parts ofthe body. See Wayne Guglielmo, “Patient Safety: Will Doctors Trust the Feds?”Medical Economics, Dec 2, 2005, www.memag.com/memag/content/printContentPopup.jsp?id=253669, accessed June 11, 2006.33. Needless to say, this law has been met with much skepticism, the most importantof which is due to the fact that legal protection does not go far enoughand, therefore, that physicians will not comply (ibid.).34. How are these reconciled, especially in the border areas? Vega notes that inhealth trade between Mexico and the United States, NAFTA rules apply accordingto which agreement with respect to trade should be reached by localmedical associations at the state level around the border. That has not yetoccurred. Jorge Augusto Arredondo Vega, “The Case of the Mexico-UnitedStates Border Area,” in UNCTAD-WHO Joint Publication, International Tradein Health Services, p. 171.35. Dubai Healthcare City, www.dhcc.ae/en/Default.aspx?type=1&id=105, accessedJune 15, 2006.36. Joan Henderson, “Healthcare Tourism in Southeast Asia,” Tourism ReviewInternational 7 (2004): p. 116.37. Songphan Singkaew and Songyot Chaichana, “The Case of Thailand,” p. 240.38. Jayata Sharma “Kerala Promotes Health Tourism the Ayurvedic Way,” ExpressHealthcare Management, www.expresshealthcaremanagement.com/cgi-bin,accessed September 9, 2006.39. Warner “The Globalization of Medical Care,” in UNCTAD-WHO JointPublication, International Trade in Health Services, p. 73.40. Henry C. Fader and Sharon R. Klein, “Teleradiology Offers Risks and Benefits,”The National Law Journal, Health Care Law Issue ( July 10, 2006): S5.41. It claims that the country has 10,500 doctors who have specialized in European,North American, and Lebanese universities. There are 48 medical societies, 161hospitals, 48 hospitals with international accreditation, 7 university hospitals,144 medium and short stay hospitals, and 17 hospitals for long-term stays.www.mea.com.lb/MEA/English/Visitlebanon/Healthtourism, accessedSeptember 30, 2005.42. Diaz Benavides, “Trade Policies and Export of Health Services,” WHO, Tradein Health Services: Global, Regional and Country Perspectives (Washington, D.C.:Pan American Health Organization, Program on Public Policy and Health,Division of health and Human Development, 2002), p. 59.43. World Bank, Sustaining India’s Services Revolution: Access to Foreign Markets,Domestic Reform and International Negotiations, South Asia Region: India (WorldBank, 2004), p. 25.44. CII-McKinsey, Healthcare in India: The Road Ahead (New Delhi, 2002),p. 218.
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214 ● Notes30. Jo<strong>in</strong>t Commission International, Accredited Organizations.31. “RP Ready for <strong>Medical</strong> <strong>Tourism</strong>.”32. Half of the states <strong>in</strong> the United States require that egregious events are reported,namely those that result <strong>in</strong> death or disability or procedure on wrong parts ofthe body. See Wayne Guglielmo, “Patient Safety: Will Doctors Trust the Feds?”<strong>Medical</strong> Economics, Dec 2, 2005, www.memag.com/memag/content/pr<strong>in</strong>tContentPopup.jsp?id=253669, accessed June 11, 2006.33. Needless to say, this law has been met with much skepticism, the most importantof which is due to the fact that legal protection does not go far enoughand, therefore, that physicians will not comply (ibid.).34. How are these reconciled, especially <strong>in</strong> the border areas? Vega notes that <strong>in</strong>health trade between Mexico and the United States, NAFTA rules apply accord<strong>in</strong>gto which agreement with respect to trade should be reached by localmedical associations at the state level around the border. That has not yetoccurred. Jorge Augusto Arredondo Vega, “The Case of the Mexico-UnitedStates Border Area,” <strong>in</strong> UNCTAD-WHO Jo<strong>in</strong>t Publication, International Trade<strong>in</strong> Health Services, p. 171.35. Dubai Healthcare City, www.dhcc.ae/en/Default.aspx?type=1&id=105, accessedJune 15, 2006.36. Joan Henderson, “Healthcare <strong>Tourism</strong> <strong>in</strong> Southeast Asia,” <strong>Tourism</strong> ReviewInternational 7 (2004): p. 116.37. Songphan S<strong>in</strong>gkaew and Songyot Chaichana, “The Case of Thailand,” p. 240.38. Jayata Sharma “Kerala Promotes Health <strong>Tourism</strong> the Ayurvedic Way,” ExpressHealthcare Management, www.expresshealthcaremanagement.com/cgi-b<strong>in</strong>,accessed September 9, 2006.39. Warner “The Globalization of <strong>Medical</strong> Care,” <strong>in</strong> UNCTAD-WHO Jo<strong>in</strong>tPublication, International Trade <strong>in</strong> Health Services, p. 73.40. Henry C. Fader and Sharon R. Kle<strong>in</strong>, “Teleradiology Offers Risks and Benefits,”The National Law Journal, Health Care Law Issue ( July 10, 2006): S5.41. It claims that the country has 10,500 doctors who have specialized <strong>in</strong> European,North American, and Lebanese universities. There are 48 medical societies, 161hospitals, 48 hospitals with <strong>in</strong>ternational accreditation, 7 university hospitals,144 medium and short stay hospitals, and 17 hospitals for long-term stays.www.mea.com.lb/MEA/English/Visitlebanon/Healthtourism, accessedSeptember 30, 2005.42. Diaz Benavides, “Trade Policies and Export of Health Services,” WHO, Trade<strong>in</strong> Health Services: Global, Regional and Country Perspectives (Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, D.C.:Pan American Health Organization, Program on Public Policy and Health,Division of health and Human Development, 2002), p. 59.43. World Bank, Susta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g India’s Services Revolution: Access to Foreign Markets,Domestic Reform and International Negotiations, South Asia Region: India (WorldBank, 2004), p. 25.44. CII-McK<strong>in</strong>sey, Healthcare <strong>in</strong> India: The Road Ahead (New Delhi, 2002),p. 218.