Medical Tourism in Developing Countries

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Notes ● 211137. Houyuan, “The Case of China,” p. 201.138. Ibid., p. 204.139. Ibid., p. 201.140. Songphan Singkaew and Songyot Chaichana, “The Case of Thailand,” inUNCTAD-WHO Joint Publication, International Trade in Health Services,p. 243.141. Ibid., p. 237.142. M. Sarup, Identity, Culture and the Post-Modern World (Edinburgh: EdinburghUniversity Press, 1996), p. 127.143. Nelson H. H. Graburn, “Tourism: The Sacred Journey,” cited in ValeneSmith, ed., Hosts and Guests, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia: University of PennsylvaniaPress, 1989), p. 33.144. Henderson, “Healthcare Tourism in Southeast Asia,” p. 117.145. S. Haron and B. Weiler, “Ethnic Tourism,” cited in Melanie Smith, Issues inCultural Tourism (London: Routledge, 2003), p. 117.146. See Gene Grossman and Elhanan Helpman, Innovation and Growth in theGlobal Economy; Paul Romer, “Endogenous Technological Change,” Journal ofPolitical Economy 98, no. 5 (1990); and Phillipe Aghion and Peter Howitt,“A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction,” Econometrica 60, no. 2(1992).147. J. Barro, Determinants of Economic Growth (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,1996), p. x.148. Wattana Janjaroen and Siripen Supakankunti, “International Trade in HealthServices in the Millennium: the Case of Thailand,” in WHO, Trade in HealthServices, p. 97.149. Francisco Leon, “The Case of the Chilean Health System, 1983–2000,” inWHO, Trade in Health Services, p. 170.150. Middle East Airlines, Airliban, “Destination Lebanon. Health Tourism,” www.mea.com.lb/MEA/English/Visitlebanon/Healthtourism, accessed September 30,2005.151. Henderson, “Healthcare Tourism in Southeast Asia,” p. 116.Chapter 61. Cuba’s efforts to market its pharmaceutical findings have been met by greatcommercial (and political) obstacles due to the U.S. trade embargo. Cuba’sstrength lies in research, not in the marketing and know-how required to placetheir products abroad. As a result, it is setting up joint venture with partnersthat include Canadian, German, and Spanish companies. Cuba has licensedTheraCim h-R3 to a German pharmaceutical company to develop the drug forEuropean markets. If it gets regulatory approval, it could become the standarddrug treatment for some cancers in Europe. Tom Fawthrop, “Cuba Sells itsMedical Expertise,” BBC News, www.newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3284995.stm, accessed January 4, 2006.
212 ● Notes2. Simonetta Zarrilli, “Identifying a Trade-Negotiation Agenda,” in WHO, Tradein Health Services: Global, Regional and Country Perspectives (Washington, D.C.:Pan American Health Organization, Program on Public Policy and Health,Division of Health and Human Development, 2002), p. 76.3. Linda F. Powers, “Leveraging Medical Tourism: Opportunities and Challengesfor Biotechs Follow People on Health Holiday,” The Scientist 20, no. 3 (2006):p. 79.4. Deepsouth Packing Co. v. Laitram Corp., 406 U.S. 518 (1972).5. See Patent Law Amendments Act of 1984, Pub. L. No. 98-622, 98 Stat.3383.6. See 35 U.S.C. § 271(f):(1) Whoever without authority supplies or causes to besupplied in or from the United States all or a substantial portion of the componentsof a patented invention, where such components are uncombined in wholeor in part, in such manner as to actively induce the combination of such componentsoutside of the United States in a manner that would infringe the patentif such combination occurred within the United States, shall be liable as aninfringer. (2) Whoever without authority supplies or causes to be supplied in orfrom the United States any component of a patented invention that is especiallymade or especially adapted for use in the invention and not a staple article orcommodity of commerce suitable for substantial noninfringing use, where suchcomponent is uncombined in whole or in part, knowing that such componentis so made or adapted and intending that such component will be combinedoutside of the United States in a manner that would infringe the patent if suchcombination occurred within the United States, shall be liable as an infringer.7. Steven C. Tietsworth, “Exporting Software Components—Finding a Role forSoftware in 35 U.S.C. § 271(f) Extraterritorial Patent Infringement,” 42 SanDiego Law Review 405 (February–March 2005).8. AT&T v. Microsoft at 1372.9. Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp., 550 U.S. –, No. 05-1056 (April 30, 2007)10. Powers, “Leveraging Medical Tourism,” p. 79.11. Jim McCartney “Medical Studies Quicker in India, Smaller Device FirmsBenefit,” www.twincities.com/mid/twincities/business/15551577.htm, accessedNovember 19, 2006.12. The others are: (1) Quantity-based barriers, (2) Price-based barriers, (3) Barriersthat impose physical or corporate presence in a domestic market, (4) Barriersrelated to standards, certification, and industry-specific regulations, and (5)Procedures of government procurement and subsidization. Rashmi Banga, “Tradeand Foreign Direct Investment in Services: A Review,” Working Paper 154, IndianCouncil for Research on International Economic Relations, 2005, p. 15.13. This reason to meet international quality control standards is crucial for developingcountries that are exporting medical equipment. For example, 39% ofMalaysia’s total medical device exports are destined for the EU, so compiling withEU’s CE Mark approval standard is crucial. Ames Gross, “Updates on Malaysia’sMedical Markets,” Pacific Bridge Medical (June 1999), www.pacificbridgemedical.com/publications/html/MalaysiaJune99.htm, accessed June 11, 2006.
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List of AcronymsAIDS Acquired Immun
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2 ● Medical Tourism in Developing
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10 ● Medical Tourism in Developin
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Table 1.1 Economic indicators and t
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Plastic Surgery is Not Peanuts ●
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100 ● Medical Tourism in Developi
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Table 5.4 Indicators of physical in
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Page 201 and 202: 188 ● NotesTreatment Abroad Could
Page 203 and 204: 190 ● Notes60. Emerging markets i
Page 205 and 206: 192 ● Notes21. Woodward et al.,
Page 207 and 208: 194 ● Notes57. Economist, July 31
Page 209 and 210: 196 ● Notes25. New York Times, De
Page 211 and 212: 198 ● Notes73. Rupa Chanda, “Tr
Page 213 and 214: 200 ● Notes16. Peter Schofield,
Page 215 and 216: 202 ● Notes56. Thomas Friedman, T
Page 217 and 218: 204 ● Notes99. Chanda, “Trade i
Page 219 and 220: 206 ● Notes21. Marvin Cetron, Fre
Page 221 and 222: 208 ● Notes71. Chanda, “Trade i
Page 223: 210 ● Notes116. Cited in Rashmi B
Page 227 and 228: 214 ● Notes30. Joint Commission I
Page 229 and 230: 216 ● Notes65. Mattoo and Rathind
Page 231 and 232: 218 ● Notes102. It is a problem i
Page 233 and 234: 220 ● Notes29. Larry Solomon, “
Page 237 and 238: 224 ● Selected BibliographyBower,
Page 239 and 240: 226 ● Selected BibliographyJohans
Page 241 and 242: 228 ● Selected BibliographyRoffe,
Page 245 and 246: 232 ● Indexbrain drain/gain 105-9
Page 247 and 248: 234 ● Indexdestination countriesa
Page 249 and 250: 236 ● Indexhealth careon airplane
Page 251 and 252: 238 ● IndexJJohanson, Misty 44, 9
Page 253 and 254: 240 ● Indexmedical tourism (conti
Page 255 and 256: 242 ● Indexpublic health (continu
Page 257 and 258: 244 ● Indextourism sectormarket s
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Medical Tourism in Developing Countries

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