Medical Tourism in Developing Countries
Medical Tourism in Developing Countries Medical Tourism in Developing Countries
Notes ● 20744. Friedman, The World is Flat, p. 185.45. New York Times, December 26, 2005.46. Lynda Liu, “Profile: A Cardiac Surgeon Listens to His Heart,” www.med.nyu.edu/communications/nyuphysician03.04/p39.pdf, accessed June 15, 2006.47. Lynne G. Zucker and Michael R. Darby, “Movement of Star Scientists andEngineers and High Tech-Firm Entry,” National Bureau of Economic ResearchWorking Paper No. 12172, April 2006. http://papers.nber.org/papers/W12172,accessed May 7, 2006.48. Miami Herald, April 8, 2006; and Financial Times, November 28, 2006.49. Wall Street Journal, December 28, 1999.50. What conditions give rise to entrepreneurs? See section on Joseph Schumpeterin Benjamin Higgins, Economic Development (New York: W. W. Norton, 1959),pp. 88–105.51. Friedman, The World is Flat, p. 119.52. Gene Grossman and Elhanan Helpman, Innovation and Growth in the GlobalEconomy (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991).53. Prestowitz, Three Billion New Capitalists, p. 2.54. These findings come from the RICYT, an inter-American network of scientificinstitutions. Miami Herald, October 16, 2005.55. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2005(New York: UN), Table 13.56. 2005 investment report by UNCTAD, cited in the Miami Herald, October16, 2005.57. Cetron et al., Hospitality 2010, p. 199.58. Miami Herald, October 16, 2005.59. World Economic Forum, Global Competitiveness Report 2005–06 (Geneva:WEF, 2005), Table 3.07.60. Chanda, “Trade in Health Services,” (CMH), pp. 36, 3761. Tom Fawthrop, “Cuba Sells its Medical Expertise,” BBC News, www.newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3284995.stm,accessed January 4, 2006.62. MEDICC Review Staff, “China’s Cancer Patients.”63. MEDICC Review Staff, “U.S. Company Licenses Three Cuban CancerVaccines,” MEDICC Review Online VI, 1 (2004).64. MEDICC Review Staff, “China’s Cancer Patients.”65. Fawthrop, “Cuba Sells its Medical Expertise.”66. Prestowitz, Three Billion New Capitalists, p. 95.67. With respect to investment, the facility cost $4 million, while in the UnitedStates it would have cost $25 million (ibid.).68. Ames Gross, “Updates on Malaysia’s Medical Markets,” Pacific Bridge Medical,June 1999, www.pacificbridgemedical.com/publications/html/MalaysiaJune99.htm, accessed June 11, 2006.69. Interview conducted by Karla Bookman on January 11, 2006 in Mumbai.70. Pan American Health Organization (WHO), www.paho.org/english/DD/AIS/cp_152.htm#problemas, accessed March 27, 2006.
208 ● Notes71. Chanda, “Trade in Health Services,” (CMH), p. 90.72. Economist, December 10, 2005, p. 73.73. Waleed Hazbun, “Mapping the Landscape of the ‘New Middle East’: ThePolitics of Tourism Development and the Peace Process in Jordan,” in Jordan inTransition, 1990–2000, ed., George Joffé (New York: Palgrave, 2002), p. 336.74. According to this view, espoused by Barro among others, both physical infrastructuresuch as roads and electrification as well as nonmaterial things such ashealth care are important for economic growth (R. J. Barro, “GovernmentSpending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth,” Journal of PoliticalEconomy, 98 (1990).75. World Bank, World Bank Development Report (New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 1994), p. 2; and A. D. Chilisa, “Tourism Development in Botswana,” inThe Political Economy of Tourism Development in Africa, p. 156.76. World Bank, “Tourism in Africa,” Findings Report no. 22617, Environmental,Rural and Social Development Newsletter, July 2001.77. Economist, “Survey of Business in India,” June 3, 2006, p. 14.78. Rupa Chanda, “Trade in Health Services,” (WHO), p. 39.79. United Nations Devlopment Programme, Human Development Report 2005,table 7.80. Donald Reid, Tourism, Globalization and Development (London: Pluto Press,2003), p. 42.81. World Tourism Organization, Enhancing the Economic Benefits of Tourism forLocal Communities and Poverty Alleviation (Madrid: UNWTO, 2002), p. 39.82. United Nations Devlopment Programme, Human Development Report, table 7.83. Ibid., table 13.84. Ann Seror, “A Case Analysis of INFOMED: The Cuban National Health CareTelecommunications Network and Portal, Journal of Medical Internet Research8, no. 1 (2006): Article e1.85. World Bank, World Development Report 1994 (New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 1994), p. 1.86. Only 7% have access to flush toilets and 5% to garbage collection. Hein Marais,South Africa Limits to Change (London: Zed Books, 1998), p. 107.87. United Nations Devlopment Programme, Human Development Report, table 22.88. See Page’s study, which highlights the role of transport in tourism and the effectof its improvement on tourism development (S. J. Page, Transport for Tourism(London: Routledge, 1994)).89. Joseph Stiglitz and Andrew Charlton, Fair Trade for All (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2006).90. Dubai Healthcare City, www.dhcc.ae/en/default.aspx?type=1&id=1, accessedJune 15, 2006.91. Friedman, The World is Flat, p. 327.92. Michel Houellebecq, Platform (New York: Knopf, 2003), p. 21.93. John M. Litwack, “Legality and Market Reform in Soviet-Type Economies,” inThe Road to Capitalism, eds., David Kennett and Marc Lieberman (Orlando, FL:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992).
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208 ● Notes71. Chanda, “Trade <strong>in</strong> Health Services,” (CMH), p. 90.72. Economist, December 10, 2005, p. 73.73. Waleed Hazbun, “Mapp<strong>in</strong>g the Landscape of the ‘New Middle East’: ThePolitics of <strong>Tourism</strong> Development and the Peace Process <strong>in</strong> Jordan,” <strong>in</strong> Jordan <strong>in</strong>Transition, 1990–2000, ed., George Joffé (New York: Palgrave, 2002), p. 336.74. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to this view, espoused by Barro among others, both physical <strong>in</strong>frastructuresuch as roads and electrification as well as nonmaterial th<strong>in</strong>gs such ashealth care are important for economic growth (R. J. Barro, “GovernmentSpend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth,” Journal of PoliticalEconomy, 98 (1990).75. World Bank, World Bank Development Report (New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 1994), p. 2; and A. D. Chilisa, “<strong>Tourism</strong> Development <strong>in</strong> Botswana,” <strong>in</strong>The Political Economy of <strong>Tourism</strong> Development <strong>in</strong> Africa, p. 156.76. World Bank, “<strong>Tourism</strong> <strong>in</strong> Africa,” F<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs Report no. 22617, Environmental,Rural and Social Development Newsletter, July 2001.77. Economist, “Survey of Bus<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>in</strong> India,” June 3, 2006, p. 14.78. Rupa Chanda, “Trade <strong>in</strong> Health Services,” (WHO), p. 39.79. United Nations Devlopment Programme, Human Development Report 2005,table 7.80. Donald Reid, <strong>Tourism</strong>, Globalization and Development (London: Pluto Press,2003), p. 42.81. World <strong>Tourism</strong> Organization, Enhanc<strong>in</strong>g the Economic Benefits of <strong>Tourism</strong> forLocal Communities and Poverty Alleviation (Madrid: UNWTO, 2002), p. 39.82. United Nations Devlopment Programme, Human Development Report, table 7.83. Ibid., table 13.84. Ann Seror, “A Case Analysis of INFOMED: The Cuban National Health CareTelecommunications Network and Portal, Journal of <strong>Medical</strong> Internet Research8, no. 1 (2006): Article e1.85. World Bank, World Development Report 1994 (New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 1994), p. 1.86. Only 7% have access to flush toilets and 5% to garbage collection. He<strong>in</strong> Marais,South Africa Limits to Change (London: Zed Books, 1998), p. 107.87. United Nations Devlopment Programme, Human Development Report, table 22.88. See Page’s study, which highlights the role of transport <strong>in</strong> tourism and the effectof its improvement on tourism development (S. J. Page, Transport for <strong>Tourism</strong>(London: Routledge, 1994)).89. Joseph Stiglitz and Andrew Charlton, Fair Trade for All (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2006).90. Dubai Healthcare City, www.dhcc.ae/en/default.aspx?type=1&id=1, accessedJune 15, 2006.91. Friedman, The World is Flat, p. 327.92. Michel Houellebecq, Platform (New York: Knopf, 2003), p. 21.93. John M. Litwack, “Legality and Market Reform <strong>in</strong> Soviet-Type Economies,” <strong>in</strong>The Road to Capitalism, eds., David Kennett and Marc Lieberman (Orlando, FL:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992).
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