Notes ● 19340. UNCTAD Secretariat, “International Trade <strong>in</strong> Health Services: Difficulties andOpportunities for Develop<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Countries</strong>,” <strong>in</strong> UNCTAD International Trade <strong>in</strong>Health Services, p. 5.41. Ibid, pp. 11–12.42. J. Diamond, “International <strong>Tourism</strong> and the Develop<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Countries</strong>: a CaseStudy <strong>in</strong> Failure,” Economica Internazionale, 27, no. 3–4, 1974.43. Woodward et al., “Globalization, Global Public Goods and Health,” p. 5.44. World Bank, Susta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g India’s Services Revolution, pp. 17–18.45. The Harrod-Domar model is named after two economists, Roy Harrod andEvesey Domar who concurrently, but separately, developed the theory <strong>in</strong> the1950s.46. Arthur Lewis, “Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour,”The Manchester School 22 (1954); and Albert Hirshman, The Strategy ofEconomic Development (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1958).47. Gerald Meier and James Rauch, Lead<strong>in</strong>g Issues <strong>in</strong> Economic Development, 8th ed.(New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 293.48. Robert Lucas, “On the Mechanics of Economic Development,” Journal ofMonetary Economics 22, no. 1 (1988); and Paul Romer, “Increas<strong>in</strong>g Returns andLong Run Growth,” Journal of Political Economy 94, no. 5 (1986).49. G. M. Grossman and E. Helpman, “Endogenous Innovations <strong>in</strong> the Theory ofGrowth,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 8 (1994).50. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to the UNWTO, tourism is more labor <strong>in</strong>tensive than manufactur<strong>in</strong>g,although not as much as agriculture (David Diaz Benavides and Ellen Perez-Ducy, eds., “Background Note by the OMT/WTO Secretariat,” <strong>Tourism</strong> <strong>in</strong> theLeast Developed <strong>Countries</strong> (Madrid: UNWTO, 2001)).51. Anil Markandya, Tim Taylor, and Suzette Pedroso, “<strong>Tourism</strong> and Susta<strong>in</strong>ableDevelopment: Lessons From Recent World Bank Experience,” www.pigliaru.it/chia/markandya.pdf, pp. 10–12, accessed January 20, 2005.52. Benavides and Perez-Ducy, “Background Note.”53. See, among others, Paul Baran, The Political Economy of NeoColonialism(London: He<strong>in</strong>eman, 1975); Hans S<strong>in</strong>ger, “Dualism Revisited: A New Approachto the Problems of Dual Societies <strong>in</strong> Develop<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Countries</strong>,” Journal ofDevelopment Studies 7 (January 1970); Keith Griff<strong>in</strong> and John Gurley, “RadicalAnalysis of Imperialism, the Third World, and the Transition to Socialism:A Survey Article,” Journal of Economic Literature 23 (September 1985);Theotonio dos Santos, “The Crisis of Development Theory and the Problemof Dependence <strong>in</strong> Lat<strong>in</strong> America,” Siglo 21 (1969); and Benjam<strong>in</strong> Cohen, TheQuestion of Imperialism: The Political Economy of Dom<strong>in</strong>ance and Dependence(New York: Basic Books, 1973).54. Dudley Seers, Dependency Theory: A Critical Reassessment (London: FrancisPr<strong>in</strong>ter, 1983), p. 97.55. S. Britton, “The Political Economy of <strong>Tourism</strong> <strong>in</strong> the Third World,” Annals of<strong>Tourism</strong> Research 9, no. 3 (1982).56. C. Michael Hall and Hazel Tucker, eds., <strong>Tourism</strong> and Postcolonialism (London:Routledge, 2004).
194 ● Notes57. Economist, July 31, 2004, p. 33.58. Jozsef Borocz, Leisure Migration. A Sociological Study on <strong>Tourism</strong> (Tarrytown,NY: Elsevier, 1996), p. 12.59. Lea, <strong>Tourism</strong> and Development, p. 13.60. Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches and Bases, p. 31.61. See, among others, Rodney Falvey and Normal Gemmer, “Are Services IncomeElastic: Some New Evidence,” The Review of Income and Wealth 42 (September1996).62. Geoffrey Crouch, “Demand Elasticities for Short-Haul versus Long-Haul<strong>Tourism</strong>,” Journal of Travel Research, 33 no. 2 (1994).63. S<strong>in</strong>clair and Stabler, The Economics of <strong>Tourism</strong>, p. 15. Also, see Larry Dwyer,Peter Forsyth, and Prasada Rao, “Dest<strong>in</strong>ation Price Competitiveness: Exchange RateChanges versus Domestic Inflation,” Journal of Travel Research 40, no. 3 (2002).64. Hendrick Houthakker and Lester Taylor, Consumer Demand <strong>in</strong> the UnitedStates: Analysis and Projections (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970).65. S<strong>in</strong>clair and Stabler, The Economics of <strong>Tourism</strong>, p. 149.66. Crist<strong>in</strong>a Rennhoff (lecture at St. Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, PA, March2005).67. Scholars have made this reverse dependency argument for economies <strong>in</strong> general,not referr<strong>in</strong>g to medical tourism. For example, John Edmunds claims that themore developed countries will <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly depend on the less developed countriesfor growth because their <strong>in</strong>vestors will achieve their needed rates of return<strong>in</strong> the develop<strong>in</strong>g countries where the middle class is grow<strong>in</strong>g by billions. JohnC. Edmunds, Brave New Wealthy World (Upper Saddle River, NJ: FT PrenticeHall, 2003).68. Prestowitz, Three Billion New Capitalists, p. 7.Chapter 31. Mike Rob<strong>in</strong>son and Mar<strong>in</strong>a Novelli, “Niche <strong>Tourism</strong>: An Introduction,” <strong>in</strong>Niche <strong>Tourism</strong>, ed. Mar<strong>in</strong>a Novelli (Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-He<strong>in</strong>emann,2004), pp. 4–5.2. A spa consult<strong>in</strong>g firm, Health Fitness Dynamics, conduced a study of trends <strong>in</strong>tourism and found that, of 3,000 tourists visit<strong>in</strong>g spas, 82 percent of womensaid they would choose one resort over another just on the basis of its spacenters, while 78 percent of the men said the same (Misty M. Johanson,“Health, Wellness Focus With<strong>in</strong> Resort Hotels,” FIU Hospitality Review 22, no.1 (2004): p. 25.). By contrast, none of the travelers <strong>in</strong>terviewed by Goodrichand Goodrich chose a dest<strong>in</strong>ation on the basis of its health-care facilities(Jonathan Goodrich and Grace Goodrich, “Health-care <strong>Tourism</strong>,” <strong>in</strong> Manag<strong>in</strong>g<strong>Tourism</strong> ed. S. Medlik (Oxford: Butterworth He<strong>in</strong>emann, 1991), p. 110.3. Science tourism refers to scientists who travel for research to countries withmore permissive laws on stem-cell research. Michael Schirber, “A Bid forScience <strong>Tourism</strong>,” Science 311, no. 5765 (2006): p. 1229.
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244 ● Indextourism sectormarket s