Phonetics - Anthropology

Fricatives formerly called ‘spirants’ [f, v, s, z, θ, ð, ʃ, ʒ] [θ] as in ‘thigh’ [θaj] [ð] as in ‘thy’ [ðaj] [ʃ] as in ‘assure’ [əˈʃur] [ʒ] as in ‘azure’ [ˈæʒur]A Few More Fricatives [x] vl. velar, e.g. Sp. jota [xota] ‘j’ [ɣ] vd. velar, e.g. Sp. haga [aɣa] [ʁ] vl. uvular, e.g. Fr. rouge [ʁuʒ] [ɬ] vl. alveolar lateral, e.g. Welsh ‘ll’Affricates stop + fricative combination [tʃ] as in ‘cheque’ [tʃɛk] [dʒ] as in ‘judge’ [dʒʌdʒ]Approximants liquids: lateral and r-like approximants glides: other approximants laterals• alveolar [l]• palatal [ʎ], as in Andean Sp. calle [kaʎe] ‘street’Approximants cont’d The family of ‘r’• [r] trill, as in Sp. carro [karo] ‘cart’• [ɾ] tap, as in Sp. caro [kaɾo] ‘expensive’,or as in NA English ‘ladder’ (sometimesmistakenly called a flap)The family of ‘r’ cont’d [ ɻ ] retroflex approximant (our ‘r’) [ɹ ] alveolar approximant (someEnglish speakers) [ ʁ] uvular fricative (French) [ ʀ] uvular trill (German, French?) [ ɽ ] flap (Norw. blad ‘newspaper, leaf’)4