Phonetics - Anthropology

Class website:ReminderAnthropology 027• http://anthropology.uwo.ca/faculty/creider/027/Week 6, PhoneticsIMPORTANT NOTE This lecture uses Unicode IPA fonts whichshould be available on any computer runningWindows XP or Mac OS X, but if not: Unicode IPA fonts are at:• http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/wells/lsasuni.ttf• http://scripts.sil.org/DoulosSILfont• http://scripts.sil.org/CharisSILfont For hints on entering phonetic chars:• www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/wells/phoneticsymbols.htmJust so you don’t feel bad If you were studying biochemistry: fructose 6-phosphate + adenosinetriphosphate is catalyzed byphosphofructokinase to produce fructose1,6 bisphosphate + adenosine diphosphate+ a hydrogen atom this is just 1 step of 10 in glycosis which isthe initial part of breaking down sugar toenergyPhonetics, Ch. 5 Introduction• Sound segments• Spelling and speech• IPA [aj pi ej] Articulatory phonetics Acoustic phoneticsIntroduction Sound segments Spelling and speech• psycho [s ʌ j k o] (nb: 5 not 4 segments)• ghoti [fɪʃ]−‘gh’ of tough−‘o’ of women−‘ti’ of nation1

The IPA Founded in 1888 (Paul Passy, Henry Sweet,Karl Meinhof, Otto Jespersen)• 4 vowel heights < French• [j] rather than [y] < German, Dutch,Scandinavian, Slavic, Baltic lgs Daniel Jones: founded Dept of Phonetics &Lx at UCL Last minor revisions in 1989Articulatory Phonetics Airstream mechanisms Consonants (C’s) Places of Articulation (PofA) Manners of Articulation (MofA)• Voicing• Nasal vs oral• Fricatives• AffricatesArticulatory Phonetics cont’d Manners of Articulation cont’d• Approximants−liquids (r’s and l’s)−glides (semivowels [j] & [w], [h]) Vowels Major classes Syllables Suprasegmental (Prosodic) featuresAirstream mechanisms pulmonic• egressive glottalic• egressive (ejectives)• ingressive (implosives) velaric• ingressive (clicks)Consonants Cs: produced with some restriction orclosure in vocal tract Places of Articulation (PofA)• bilabial [p, b, m]• labiodental [f, v]• interdental [θ, ð]• dental/alveolar [t, d, n, s, z, l, r]C’s, cont’d P of A, cont’d• palatoalveolar [ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ; or š, ž, č, ɟ̌]• velar [k, g, ŋ]• uvular [ʁ, q]• glottal [ʔ, h]2

Manner of Articulation:overview Voiced / Voiceless Aspirated / Non-aspirated Nasal / oral Stops Fricatives (a.k.a spirants) Affricates Approximants: Liquids & GlidesVoiced & Voiceless Sounds Initial position• fine / vine• thigh / thy• seal / zeal• choke / joke Final position• wreath / wreathe• bus / buzzVl / Vd -- Harder Examples Initial• pat / bat• touch / Dutch• coal / goal Final [note long vowel in vd. members]• tap / tab• set / said• pick / pig Aspirated• pot [p h ɑt]• tar [t h ar]• cool [k h ul] Non-aspirated• spot [spɑt]• star [star]• school [skul]AspirationOral vs Nasal soft palate (= velum) lowered fornasals• Sim [sɪm]• sin [sɪn]• sing [sɪŋ] velum is raised for oral sounds Nasal stopsStops• [ ɲ] as in Sp. niña [niɲa] ‘girl’ Oral stops (a.k.a. plosives)• [p, t, k, b, d, g]• [q] uvular stop (Inuktitut qimmiq ‘dog’,Quechua nuqa ‘I’)• [ʔ] glottal stop3

Fricatives formerly called ‘spirants’ [f, v, s, z, θ, ð, ʃ, ʒ] [θ] as in ‘thigh’ [θaj] [ð] as in ‘thy’ [ðaj] [ʃ] as in ‘assure’ [əˈʃur] [ʒ] as in ‘azure’ [ˈæʒur]A Few More Fricatives [x] vl. velar, e.g. Sp. jota [xota] ‘j’ [ɣ] vd. velar, e.g. Sp. haga [aɣa] [ʁ] vl. uvular, e.g. Fr. rouge [ʁuʒ] [ɬ] vl. alveolar lateral, e.g. Welsh ‘ll’Affricates stop + fricative combination [tʃ] as in ‘cheque’ [tʃɛk] [dʒ] as in ‘judge’ [dʒʌdʒ]Approximants liquids: lateral and r-like approximants glides: other approximants laterals• alveolar [l]• palatal [ʎ], as in Andean Sp. calle [kaʎe] ‘street’Approximants cont’d The family of ‘r’• [r] trill, as in Sp. carro [karo] ‘cart’• [ɾ] tap, as in Sp. caro [kaɾo] ‘expensive’,or as in NA English ‘ladder’ (sometimesmistakenly called a flap)The family of ‘r’ cont’d [ ɻ ] retroflex approximant (our ‘r’) [ɹ ] alveolar approximant (someEnglish speakers) [ ʁ] uvular fricative (French) [ ʀ] uvular trill (German, French?) [ ɽ ] flap (Norw. blad ‘newspaper, leaf’)4

Glides [ j ] ‘yod’ palatal• as in ‘yes’ [jes], sigh [saj] [w] ‘waw’ labiovelar• as in ‘witch, which’ [h] glottal [ʍ] vl. labiovelar, Amer. ‘which’Vowels Tongue height• High (close): seat [i], sit [ɪ], suit [sut]• Mid: bait [e], bet [bɛt], boat [bot]• Low: (open) cat [kæt], cot [kɑt] Tongue position• Front: [i, ɪ, e, ɛ, æ]• Central: butt [bʌt], sofa [sofə]• Back: [u, ʊ, o, ɒ]V’s cont’d Rounded• boot [but]• book [bʊk]• boat [bot]• tall [tɒl] Unrounded• all other English vowelsNames for Vowels close i [i] ‘he’close u [u] ‘who’ open i [ɪ] ‘hid’open u [ʊ] ‘hood’ close e [e] ‘hay’ close o [o] ‘hoe’ open e [ɛ] ‘head’ open o [ɔ] ‘haw’ nb: open o in Can. Eng. only in [ɔj] ash, digraph [æ] ‘had’ schwa [ə] ‘sofa’ wedge [ʌ] ‘duck’Diphthongs two vowel sounds in one syllable [aj] ‘eyes’ [ajz] [ʌj] ‘ice’ [ʌjs] [aw] ‘cloud’ [klawd] [ʌw] ‘clout’ [klʌwt] [ɔj] ‘boy’ [bɔj]Diphthongs cont’d Tense vowels in English are diphthongs• [ej] as in ‘hay’ [hej]• [ow] as in ‘hoe’ [how]• [ij] as in ‘he’ [hij]• [uw] as in ‘who’ [huw]• nb: the latter two are not usually written5

Major classes obstruents: non-nasal stops,fricatives & affricates sonorants: everything else: nasalstops, approximants, vowels coronals: alveolars, palatoalveolars,palatals anteriors: labials, alveolarsSyllable structure [no]: onset = [n], rhyme = [o] [pro]: onset = [pr], rhyme = [o] [strɪŋ]: onset = [str], nucleus = [I],coda = [ŋ] (rhyme = nucleus + coda)Syllabic consonants listen [lɪsn̩] friar [frajr̩] rhythm [rɪðm̩] Rachel [retʃl̩] text follows common practice andwrites: [lɪsən, frajər, rɪðəm, retʃəl]Tone Cantonese• si ‘poem’: high level tone [˥ ]• si ‘to try’ : mid level tone [ ˧ ]• si ‘matter’: low level tone [ ˨ ]• si ‘time’: extra low tone [ ˩ ]• si ‘to cause’: mid->high rising tone [ ˧˥ ]• si ‘city’: low->mid rising tone [ ˨˧ ]6