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1006 etch and rinse control (Table 2; Fig. 2). Given the nonchanged mTBS and fracture surface ultra-morphology (Fig. 4), this adhesive also resisted to the thermocycling regimen very well. This is consistent with in vitro research, in which its predecessor Clearfil SE (very similar in composition to Clearfil Protect Bond, apart from the antibacterial monomer added to the latter) performed very well. This two-step self-etch adhesive resisted to 1 year in vivo functioning [26,27], up to 30,000 thermo-cycles in a ‘shear-bond’ strength test [5], and combined thermal and occlusal loading [9]. Long-term water storage of prepared mTBSbeams on the other hand, decreased the bond strength to dentin [16,23]; other types of adhesive did, however, decrease at least to the same extent in a similar study [23]. Also in clinical class-V studies, this adhesive performed very well [28,29]. iBOND was not able to produce a strong bond to dentin at the bottom of an occlusal class-I cavity (Table 2). For the control and the thermo-cycling/ stick group, all pre-testing failures occurred after 24 h during further specimen preparation. Because of this low bonding effectiveness at baseline and the low number of remaining specimens, no conclusion can be drawn regarding degradation of the resultant adhesive–tooth bond. Nonetheless, the bond strength of this adhesive is too low to resist the polymerization shrinkage of the restorative composite in a class-I cavity. Analysis of the fracture planes revealed that in all groups porosities were observed in the adhesive resin near the interface. This certainly must have weakened the bond and is to a large extent responsible for the low bonding effectiveness recorded. Similar porosities were observed by Tay et al. [30,31]. These porosities may be due to residual solvent (H2O) that was not adequately removed because of inefficient drying in a narrow cavity. Alternatively, these porosities may also be caused by an osmotic driven water uptake from dentin and/or the environment, as these one-step self-etch adhesives can act as semi-permeable membranes [30]. The large amount and density, as seen in this study, may be due to the storage in water for 20 days that allowed this water uptake to take place to its full extent. The bonding effectiveness after 24 h would, however, not have been that different, as all pretesting failures occurred during specimen preparation 1 day after adhesive procedures. The most plausible explanation that follows out of recent research [32,33] is that these porosities represent water droplets that separated from the monomers that no longer remained dissolved in water upon evaporation of acetone. In conclusion, thermo-cycling did not result in an enhanced chemical or mechanical degradation of the bonds to dentin produced by a two-step selfetch and a three-step etch and rinse adhesive. The bonding effectiveness of the one-step self-etch adhesive tested was, however, too low to withstand polymerization shrinkage stress, as produced in an occlusal class-I cavity. References J. De Munck et al. [1] International Organization for Standardization. ISO TR 11405. Dental materials—guidance on testing of adhesion to tooth structure 1994. [2] Gale MS, Darvell BW. Thermal cycling procedures for laboratory testing of dental restorations. J Dent 1999;27: 89–99. [3] Hashimoto M, Ohno H, Kaga M, Endo K, Sano H, Oguchi H. In vivo degradation of resin–dentin bonds in humans over 1 to 3 years. J Dent Res 2000;79:1385–91. [4] Hashimoto M, Tay FR, Ohno H, Sano H, Kaga M, Yiu C, et al. SEM and TEM analysis of water degradation of human dentinal collagen. J Biomed Mater Res 2003;66B:287–98. [5] Miyazaki M, Sato M, Onose H, Moore BK. Influence of thermal cycling on dentin bond strength of two-step bonding systems. Am J Dent 1998;11:118–22. [6] Versluis A, Douglas WH, Cross M, Sakaguchi RL. Does an incremental filling technique reduce polymerization shrinkage stresses? J Dent Res 1996;75:871–8. [7] Feilzer AJ, De Gee AJ, Davidson CL. Setting stress in composite resin in relation to configuration of the restauration. J Dent Res 1987;66:1636–9. [8] Leloup G, D’Hoore W, Bouter D, Degrange M, Vreven J. Meta-analytical review of factors involved in dentin adherence. J Dent Res 2001;80:1605–14. [9] Nikaido T, Kunzelman KH, Chen H, Ogata M, Harada N, Yamaguchi S, et al. Evaluation of thermal cycling and mechanical loading on bond strength of a self-etching primer system to dentin. Dent Mater 2002;18:269–75. [10] Harper RH, Schnell RJ, Swartz ML, Phillips RW. In vivo measurements of thermal diffusion through restorations of various materials. J Prosthet Dent 1980;43:180–5. [11] Watts DC, McAndrew R, Lloyd CH. Thermal diffusivity of composite restorative materials. J Dent Res 1987;66: 1576–8. [12] Perdigão J, Lambrechts P, Van Meerbeek B, Vanherle G, Lopes ALB. Field emission SEM comparison of four postfixation drying techniques for human dentin. J Biomed Mater Res 1995;29:1111–20. [13] Shono Y, Terashita M, Shimada J, Kozono Y, Carvalho RM, Russell CM, et al. Durability of resin–dentin bonds. J Adhes Dent 1999;1:211–8. [14] De Munck J, Van Meerbeek B, Yoshida Y, Inoue S, Vargas M, Suzuki K, et al. Four-year water degradation of total-etch adhesives bonded to dentin. J Dent Res 2003;82:136–40. [15] De Munck J, Van Meerbeek B, Yoshida Y, Inoue S, Suzuki K, Lambrechts P. Four-year water degradation of a resinmodified glass–ionomer adhesive bonded to dentin. Eur J Oral Sci 2004;112:73–83. [16] Shirai K, De Munck J, Yoshida Y, Inoue S, Lambrechts P, Shintani H, et al. Effect of cavity configuration and aging on the bonding effectiveness of six adhesives to dentin. Dent Mater 2005; 21:110–24.
Micro-tensile bond strength of adhesives bonded to class-I cavity-bottom dentin after thermo-cycling 1007 [17] Abe Y, Lambrechts P, Inoue S, Braem MJA, Takeuchi M, Vanherle G, et al. Dynamic elastic modulus of ‘packable’ composites. Dent Mater 2001;17:520–5. [18] Blunck U, Roulet JF. Effect of one-year water storage on the effectiveness of dentin adhesives in class V composite resin restorations. J Dent Res 2002;81 [Special Issue B, abstr. 946]. [19] Frankenberger R, Strobel WO, Krämer N, Lohbauer U, Winterscheidt J, Winterscheidt B. Evaluation of the fatigue behavior of the resin–dentin bond with the use of different methods. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 2003; 67B:712–21. [20] Krejci I, Häusler T, Sägesser D, Lutz F. New adhesives in class V restorations under combined load and simulated dentinal fluid. Dent Mater 1994;10:331–5. [21] Armstrong SR, Keller JC, Boyer DB. Mode of failure in the dentin–adhesive resin–resin composite bonded joint as determined by strength-based (mTBS) and fracture-based (CNSB) mechanical testing. Dent Mater 2001;17:201–10. [22] Armstrong SR, Keller JC, Boyer DB. The influence of water storage and C-factor on the dentin–resin composite microtensile bond strength and debond pathway utilizing a filled and unfilled adhesive resin. Dent Mater 2001;17: 268–76. [23] Armstrong SR, Vargas MA, Fang Q, Laffoon JE. Microtensile bond strength of a total-etch 3-step, total-etch 2-step, selfetch 2-step, and a self-etch 1-step dentin bonding system through 15-month water storage. J Adhes Dent 2003;5: 47–56. [24] Van Meerbeek B, Kanumilli P, De Munck J, Van Landuyt K, Lambrechts P, Peumans M. A Randomized controlled trial evaluating the three-year clinical effectiveness of two etch & rinse adhesives in cervical lesions. Oper Dent 2004; 29:376–85. [25] Boghosian A. Clinical evaluation of a filled adhesive system in Class 5 restorations. Compend Contin Educ Dent 1996;17: 750–4. [26] Sano H, Yoshikawa T, Pereira PN, Kanemura N, Morigami M, Tagami J, et al. Long-term durability of dentin bonds made with a self-etching primer, in vivo. J Dent Res 1999;78: 906–11. [27] Takahashi A, Inoue S, Kawamoto C, Ominato R, Tanaka T, Sato Y, et al. In vivo long-term durability of the bond to dentin using two adhesive systems. J Adhes Dent 2002;4: 151–9. [28] Van Meerbeek B, De Munck J, Yoshida Y, Inoue S, Vargas M, Vijay P, et al. Buonocore memorial lecture: adhesion to enamel and dentin: current status and future challenges. Oper Dent 2003;28:215–35. [29] Türkün SL. Clinical evaluation of a self-etching and a onebottle adhesive system at two years. J Dent 2003;31: 527–34. [30] Tay FR, Pashley DH, Suh BI, Carvalho RM, Itthagaruna A. Single-step adhesives are permeable membranes. J Dent 2002;30:371–82. [31] Tay FR, King NM, Chan KM, Pashley DH. How can nanoleakage occur in self-etching adhesive systems that demineralize and infiltrate simultaneously? J Adhes Dent 2002;4:255–69. [32] Van Meerbeek B, Van Landuyt K, De Munck J, Yoshida Y, Inoue S, Lambrechts P. Bonding effectiveness of experimental one-step self-etch adhesives to enamel and dentin. J Dent Res 2004;83 [Special issue B Abstract 0028]. [33] Van Landuyt K, De Munck J, Snauwaert J, Coutinho E, Poitevin A, Yoshida Y, Inove S, Peumans M, Suzuki K, Lambrechts P, Van Meerbeek B. Monomer-solvent phaseseparation in contemporary one-step self-etch adhesives. J Dent Res 2005;84:183–8.
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