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N T I S2010Current Export Destinations: Export destinations (with share of exports in 2008) for handmade paper are theUSA (32 per cent), France (26 per cent), Japan (8 per cent), Sweden (6 per cent), and Germany (6 per cent).There is no detailed data for handmade paper products, but available information suggests that the exportpatterns for such products are similar, i.e. exports go mainly to the USA, EU, and Japan.Potential Export Destinations: Attractive markets are Denmark, Canada, Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, andNigeria. These countries are major importers of handmade paper and have shown high growth rates in recentyears.Nepal’s World Market Share: Nepal’s share in world exports of handmade paper (4802.10) is 0.4 per cent. Itsshare in finished handmade paper products is unknown.Trade Balance: There are no imports of Lokta into Nepal.Dynamism of Exports: Exports of handmade paper have declined slightly between 2005 and 2008.Export Prospect: According to a study undertaken by GTZ 50 , there is a ‘huge potential’ for additional exportsin the EU market if Lokta products could be sold through mainstream channels. Right now such productsare mainly sold through specialty shops (such as fair trade shops), and it would require increased marketingefforts to enter such markets.Index 2: World Market ConditionsTable 2.29Total World Export Value of Handmade Paper, 2005-09 (US$1,000)2005 2006 2007 2008 200964,887 126,441 102,127 139,653 n/aNote: Export values refer to exports of 4802.10 only.Market Access Conditions (Tariffs and NTBs): Tariffs are generally low or zero in major markets for handmadepaper. However, Nepal has no tariff advantage in most markets (except India) and even faces slightly highertariffs than competitors in some markets (eg Japan). No NTBs were mentioned by interviewed companies.Major Competitors in World Market: The major exporters of handmade paper are India (21 per cent), theUSA (17 per cent), UK (11 per cent), Egypt (8 per cent), and France (8 per cent). However, trade statisticsare not detailed enough to fully capture the market of Lokta products. A similar product is produced inThailand (‘Saa’).World Market Prospect: Being a niche product, there is little reliable information on world market prospectfor Lokta products. To become a significant source of export revenue, Lokta products would certainly have toenter the mainstream markets outside of alternative or fair-trade shops. World import of handmade paper(4802.10) has grown at 4 per cent in recent years, with total import of US$167 million in 2008.50GTZ (2007). Handmade Paper in Nepal.NEPAL TRADE INTEGRATION STRATEGY 2010BACKGROUND REPORT65
N T I S2010Index 3: Domestic Supply ConditionsProducers: Out of about 300 registered cottage and small-scale paper and paper product industries, 259 arein operation. 51,52 There are 40 manufacturers of finished paper products and more than 300 firms involved inexporting paper or finished paper products. Many paper-making units are run by rural local entrepreneursand more recently by CFUGs and farmers’ cooperatives.Production Capacity: About 2.9 million ha of suitable lands are available for Lokta plantation in 55 districts. 53Currently, production of handmade paper is located in 22 districts and the production volume is estimated at15,000t. 54Quality of Product: The fibre from the high altitude plant makes the Nepali Lokta paper very sturdy andunique--different from those produced in China, India, Philippines, and Thailand. The production process isnot mechanized, and each paper sheet is dried naturally in the sun and wind.Productivity: The productivity can be further increased to reduce the Lokta requirement for production ofhandmade paper, e.g. through the introduction of new tools, such as improved boilers and modern waterpipe systems. Such an improved system could result in an estimated reduction of the Lokta requirements byaround 30 per cent.Availability and Quality of Labour Force: Papermaking is not a highly skilled job. Semi-skilled workers areavailable and paper products workers are trained on-the-job. There seems to be no problem attracting newworkers to the industry.Labour Cost and Overall Production Cost: Because of rural locations, labour costs in paper making are lowerthan labour costs for the making of finished paper products. Semi-skilled workers required for finished paperproducts are trained by entrepreneurs. According to GTZ (2007), production costs in Nepal are lower than fora comparable product in Thailand.Level of Processing Technology: Traditional technology is a unique selling point. Some improvements inproduction process are required to reduce wastage. Quality and design also need to be improved.Cost and Quality of Infrastructure: Papermaking is highly water–intensive, but the cost of water in ruralproduction centres is very low. Locally available fuel (firewood and bio-mass) is used in boiling Lokta and thecost is low.Efficiency of Domestic Supporting Industries: Papermaking units receive Lokta from local farmers or CFUGsduring the season. Paper product producers have found their paper suppliers efficient in terms of delivery inrequired specifications and quantity.Domestic Demand: About 90 per cent of the paper output of the country is used by paper productmanufacturers for further value addition and export thereafter. Current domestic demand for paper productsis likely to increase because the GoN has recently decided to use Nepali paper for citizenship certificates.Business Environment: According to entrepreneurs, the quality of infrastructure and credit facilities is quiteacceptable.Government Initiatives and Donor Involvement: The Department of Cottage and Small Industries hasextended technical and training support to papermaking enterprises in the past. The sector also receives51TEPC, Trade News Service, Year 3, No 7, 2065, p. 5.52Nima Sherpa, Acting President of HANDPASS.53Bibendra Prasad Singh, Nepali Paper Industry, Lokta: An Introduction, SMARIKA, HANDPASS, 2062, p. 2.54TEPC, Trade News Service, Year 3, No 7, 2065, p. 5.66NEPAL TRADE INTEGRATION STRATEGY 2010BACKGROUND REPORT
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Nepal Trade Integration Strategy 20
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Table of ContentsForewordAbbreviati
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Table 2.17 Acreage and Production o
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List of BoxesBox 2.1 A Nepalese IT
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LoD Limit of DetectionM&E Monitorin
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Chapter 1Trading Environment, Expor
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N T I S20101.3 Capacity Development
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N T I S2010Table 1.1Balance of Paym
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N T I S2010Changes in the Nepalese
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N T I S20101.5 Expanding an ‘Incl
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N T I S2010 Index 4 measures the po
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N T I S2010Table 1.9Impact of 19 Ex
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Page 51 and 52: N T I S2010The opportunities for pr
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Page 62 and 63: N T I S2010Cost and Quality of Infr
Page 64 and 65: N T I S2010Attractive markets for T
Page 66 and 67: N T I S2010Market Access Conditions
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Page 84 and 85: N T I S2010Availability and Quality
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Page 98 and 99: N T I S2010The value added of those
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Page 104 and 105: N T I S2010Index 2: World Market Co
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Page 112 and 113: N T I S2010Contribution to Skill De
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Page 118 and 119: N T I S201016) Health ServicesBackg
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Page 124 and 125: N T I S2010should be interpreted ca
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N T I S2010Under mode 4 (presence o
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N T I S2010Index 4: Socio-economic
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N T I S2010generate revenue of US$3
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N T I S2010monopsony power. Several
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N T I S2010The possibility of direc
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N T I S2010Dairy Products, specific
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Chapter 3Access to the Indian Marke
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N T I S2010The Nepal-India Trade Tr
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N T I S2010Most issues reported abo
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N T I S2010Nepalese Domestic Issues
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N T I S2010India’s view is that t
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Chapter 4Access to the Chinese Mark
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N T I S2010products must be wholly
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N T I S2010The findings discussed h
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N T I S20104.5 Other Impediments to
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N T I S20104.7 Recommendations: Cha
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N T I S2010inflow between 2000 and
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N T I S2010Industrial Parks and SEZ
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N T I S2010Lack of up-to-date polic
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N T I S2010Apart from the critical
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N T I S2010capabilities in all five
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N T I S20105.5. Combining Investmen
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Chapter 6Trade FacilitationN T I S2
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N T I S2010In the 2005 Trade Facili
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N T I S2010The latest phase of impl
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N T I S2010improve efficiency. Few
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N T I S2010Figure 7.1Future Organog
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N T I S2010EU countries, special pr
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N T I S2010Act 1980. So far, 130 fi
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N T I S2010The current projects inc
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N T I S2010The NBSM as a secretaria
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N T I S2010Many more organizations
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N T I S2010Table 7.8Existing Nepal
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Table 7.9Standards Issues for Ten E
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N T I S20107.14 Priority Actions an
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N T I S2010It is not clear what amo
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N T I S2010GeneralNepal’s general
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N T I S2010a crucial part of the PR
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N T I S2010residue limits (MRLs) ar
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N T I S2010The viral diseases chirk
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N T I S2010SPS issues Affecting Tra
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N T I S2010Indian phytosanitary sta
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N T I S20108.5 Conclusions and Reco
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N T I S2010Simpler requirements suc
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Table 8.4Summary of Export Environm
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N T I S2010To register a patent, a
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N T I S2010breaches of law. The Nep
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N T I S2010Intellectual Property is
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Chapter 10Barriers to Service Trade
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N T I S2010Constraints in the touri
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N T I S2010Table 10.2Nepal GATS Com
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N T I S2010locations favourable for
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N T I S2010Barriers to Exports of H
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N T I S2010Institutional IssueThe s
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N T I S2010 Strengthening sub-natio
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N T I S2010Observations from enterp
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N T I S2010Nepal Ginger Producers a
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N T I S2010 Helping paper manufactu
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N T I S2010Computer Association of
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N T I S20105. Also related to the a
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N T I S2010The key principles inclu
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N T I S2010That being said, Nepal h
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N T I S2010Nepal Business ForumOn M
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N T I S2010Third, capacity developm
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N T I S2010expected to emerge from
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N T I S201012.7 Possible Options fo
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N T I S201012.8 RecommendationsThe
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N T I S2010GoN / MoF (2009), Econom
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N T I S2010Thapa, Ajit N.S. (2006).
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N T I S2010NEPAL TRADE INTEGRATION
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N T I S2010MainOutcomes Recommended
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N T I S2010NEPAL TRADE INTEGRATION
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N T I S20102. GINGERStrengths Tradi
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N T I S20104. LENTILSStrengths High
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N T I S20105. TEAStrengths Very fav
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N T I S20106. INSTANT NOODLESStreng
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N T I S2010 Review, simplify, and i
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N T I S20109. SILVER JEWELRYStrengt
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N T I S201011. CHYANGRA PASHMINA PR
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N T I S201013. TOURISMStrengthsNatu
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N T I S201015. IT AND BPO SERVICESS
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N T I S201017. EDUCATION SERVICESSt
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N T I S201019. HYDRO-ELECTRICITYStr
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Appendix 1Methodology for Export Po
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N T I S2010B. Data SourcesThe analy
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Appendix 2Market Attractiveness Ind
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N T I S2010Rank13) Tourism1 Germany
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Appendix 3Updated Legislative Actio
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N T I S2010specified management sys
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N T I S2010than pesticide residues
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Appendix 5Malaysia GAP (Skim Amalam
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N T I S2010E. Document ControlQMS d
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Appendix 7Good Agricultural Practic
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