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N T I S2010of large cardamom (some of it being re-exports of Nepalese cardamom) and its export data differentiatesbetween large and small cardamom on the tariff line level. The tariff advantage is the one compared withIndian exports (no such advantage exists in any of the major markets).RankCountryTable 2.3Attractive Markets for CardamomAttractive markets for Cardamom (HS 0908.30)Top 10 - Weighted Market Attractiveness IndexExports Nepal World market(2008) shareGrowth rate(2004-2008)Tariff forNepalTariffadvantage1 Pakistan 809 65.9% 24.8% 5% 0%2 Saudi Arabia 0 11.1% -5.6% 0% 0%3 UAE 0 5.2% 26.7% 0% 0%4 UK 0 3.5% 1.7% 0% 0%5 USA 0 3.2% 32.0% 0% 0%6 Malaysia 0 2.8% 13.6% 0% 0%7 Japan 0 2.5% -17.8% 0% 0%8 South Africa 0 1.1% 8.8% 0% 0%9 Kuwait 0 1.1% 136.0% 0% 0%10 Oman 0 0.9% 3.8% 0% 0%Main competitorsIndia is the maincompetitor in allthese marketsAttractive markets for Cardamom (HS 0908.30)Top 10 by size, growth, openess and current exportstop10 top10 top10 current exports from NepalRank top10 SIZEGROWTH OPENESS (US$ 1,000 in 2008)1 Pakistan Kuwait n/a India 20,5202 Saudi Arabia USA n/a Pakistan 8093 UAE UAE n/a4 UK Pakistan n/a5 USA Malaysia n/a6 Malaysia South Africa n/a7 Japan Oman n/a8 South Africa UK n/a9 Kuwait Saudi Arabia n/a10 Oman Japan n/a2) GingerBackgroundGinger is Nepal’s most important exported spice, besides cardamom, with exports in 2008 of US$8.2 million.Nepal is the fourth largest producer and sixth largest exporter of ginger in the world. Ginger is exportedeither fresh or dried; the latter is called “sutho”. It is one of the main sources of cash income for farmers. Itis grown across the whole east-west length along the Siwalik and mid hill ranges, and in altitudes as high as1,500m due to i ts climatic suitability. Climatically, ginger thrives well in warm and humid conditions duringthe initial stage of growth, but it needs dry atmosphere and mild temperatures in time of harvest. Frost andheavy dew are not favourable for growth. As it is being produced in the whole of the mid-hill areas, this cropis very important for the development of this region. It serves as an important counterforce to rural-urbanmigration by providing income and new opportunities. The intercropping of ginger with other crops, includingcoffee and orange, is a recent method.NEPAL TRADE INTEGRATION STRATEGY 2010BACKGROUND REPORT27
N T I S2010Index 1: Export PerformanceExport Value: All recorded exports of ginger go to India. Nepalese export data and Indian import data arerelatively similar. Export volumes are approximately 30,000 to 40,000 MT/year. It is believed that there issignificant informal border trade. According to estimates obtained from industry sources, around 75 percent of the domestic production is exported, which is around three times higher than the official exports. Thismeans that annual exports could be as high as US$25 million. However, this figure is not reliable and we willuse the official numbers for the calculation of indicators.Table 2.4World Value of Ginger, 2005-2009 (US$1,000)2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Total Export Value 3,855 6,006 9,417 8,130 n/aTotal export value(Nepalese data)3,709 5,191 8,094 8,180 n/aFresh ginger(Nepalese data)2,477 4,234 7,415 7,441 n/aDried ginger(Nepalese data)1,232 957 679 739 n/aAll fi gures are in US$1,000. Nepalese data refers to 2004/05–2007/08.Types of Exported Products: Ginger is exported mainly in fresh form. Two types of dried ginger (“sutho”) arealso exported: sun-dried from Rapti zone (in the mid-western region) and fire or smoked-dried from Lumbiniand Gandaki zones (western region of Nepal). Dried ginger constitutes 10-30 per cent of the total gingerexport. Other exported products are ginger oil and oleoresin, but in negligible volumes.Current Export Destinations: Almost all exports (both fresh and dried) are to India, particularly to northernIndian markets of Gorakhpur, Varanasi, Lucknow, Kanpur, Patna, Jaipur, and Delhi. Besides, according toindustry sources, Nepal exports very small amounts of ginger to Pakistan and Bangladesh, but this cannot beconfirmed with official trade data. It should, nevertheless, be added that much of what is exported to India(especially dried ginger) is re-exported to Pakistan.Potential Export Destinations: The major importers of ginger are Japan, USA, EU, Pakistan, and Malaysia. Indiaalso exports large amounts to Bangladesh and Saudi Arabia. Nepal does not export direct to those markets,though some of its exports to India are probably re-exported. According to industry sources, there could be apotential for direct exports to some of those markets for dried ginger. (More on this below.)Nepal’s World Market Share: Nepal is currently the sixth largest exporter of ginger, although its share inworld exports is only 2.4 per cent. This share does not account for informal border trade with India, which isbelieved to be significant. The world market is highly dominated by China (62 per cent).Trade Balance: Total trade balance of ginger is consistently highly positive. Nepal imports only nominalamounts of ginger, especially from China. Such imports amounted to less than 17 per cent of its total officialexport in 2007/08, according to the Trade and Export Promotion Centre (TEPC) data.Dynamism of Exports: India is a large and fairly dynamic market for Nepalese ginger. Supply of ginger fromdomestic sources in India, particularly Cochin and Bangalore, is penetrating into the established Nepali gingermarkets of northern India. However, due to its proximity, Nepal still enjoys comparative advantages and isnot losing market share because the Indian market is expanding. There are also many small markets borderingNepal where a large quantity of Nepali ginger is exported to. Thus, within India, Nepal has access to manymarkets. Nepal is losing some share in southern India, but this represents less than 5 per cent of Nepal’s totalexport to India.28NEPAL TRADE INTEGRATION STRATEGY 2010BACKGROUND REPORT
Page 2 and 3: Nepal Trade Integration Strategy 20
Page 5 and 6: Table of ContentsForewordAbbreviati
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N T I S201012345678910# Name of Ste
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N T I S2010Export Prospect: Accordi
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N T I S2010Gender Impact: Female wo
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N T I S2010The value added of those
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N T I S2010sheep population, which
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N T I S201013) TourismBackgroundTou
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N T I S2010Index 2: World Market Co
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N T I S2010There are also about 24
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N T I S2010Index 1: Export Performa
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N T I S2010Index 2: World Market Co
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N T I S2010Contribution to Skill De
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N T I S2010Types of Exported Servic
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N T I S2010Cost and Quality of Infr
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N T I S201016) Health ServicesBackg
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N T I S2010medical services are bei
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N T I S201017) Education ServicesBa
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N T I S2010should be interpreted ca
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N T I S2010foreign students. The me
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N T I S2010Under mode 4 (presence o
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N T I S2010Index 4: Socio-economic
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N T I S2010generate revenue of US$3
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N T I S2010monopsony power. Several
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N T I S2010The possibility of direc
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N T I S2010Dairy Products, specific
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Chapter 3Access to the Indian Marke
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N T I S2010The Nepal-India Trade Tr
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N T I S2010Most issues reported abo
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N T I S2010Nepalese Domestic Issues
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N T I S2010India’s view is that t
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Chapter 4Access to the Chinese Mark
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N T I S2010products must be wholly
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N T I S2010The findings discussed h
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N T I S20104.5 Other Impediments to
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N T I S20104.7 Recommendations: Cha
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N T I S2010inflow between 2000 and
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N T I S2010Industrial Parks and SEZ
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N T I S2010Lack of up-to-date polic
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N T I S2010Apart from the critical
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N T I S2010capabilities in all five
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N T I S20105.5. Combining Investmen
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Chapter 6Trade FacilitationN T I S2
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N T I S2010In the 2005 Trade Facili
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N T I S2010The latest phase of impl
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N T I S2010improve efficiency. Few
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N T I S2010Figure 7.1Future Organog
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N T I S2010EU countries, special pr
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N T I S2010Act 1980. So far, 130 fi
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N T I S2010The current projects inc
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N T I S2010The NBSM as a secretaria
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N T I S2010Many more organizations
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N T I S2010Table 7.8Existing Nepal
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Table 7.9Standards Issues for Ten E
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N T I S20107.14 Priority Actions an
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N T I S2010It is not clear what amo
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N T I S2010GeneralNepal’s general
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N T I S2010a crucial part of the PR
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N T I S2010residue limits (MRLs) ar
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N T I S2010The viral diseases chirk
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N T I S2010SPS issues Affecting Tra
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N T I S2010Indian phytosanitary sta
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N T I S20108.5 Conclusions and Reco
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N T I S2010Simpler requirements suc
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Table 8.4Summary of Export Environm
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N T I S2010To register a patent, a
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N T I S2010breaches of law. The Nep
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N T I S2010Intellectual Property is
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Chapter 10Barriers to Service Trade
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N T I S2010Constraints in the touri
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N T I S2010Table 10.2Nepal GATS Com
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N T I S2010locations favourable for
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N T I S2010Barriers to Exports of H
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N T I S2010Institutional IssueThe s
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N T I S2010 Strengthening sub-natio
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N T I S2010Observations from enterp
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N T I S2010Nepal Ginger Producers a
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N T I S2010 Helping paper manufactu
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N T I S2010Computer Association of
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N T I S20105. Also related to the a
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N T I S2010The key principles inclu
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N T I S2010That being said, Nepal h
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N T I S2010Nepal Business ForumOn M
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N T I S2010Third, capacity developm
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N T I S2010expected to emerge from
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N T I S201012.7 Possible Options fo
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N T I S201012.8 RecommendationsThe
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N T I S2010GoN / MoF (2009), Econom
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N T I S2010Thapa, Ajit N.S. (2006).
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N T I S2010NEPAL TRADE INTEGRATION
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N T I S2010MainOutcomes Recommended
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N T I S2010NEPAL TRADE INTEGRATION
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N T I S20102. GINGERStrengths Tradi
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N T I S20104. LENTILSStrengths High
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N T I S20105. TEAStrengths Very fav
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N T I S20106. INSTANT NOODLESStreng
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N T I S2010 Review, simplify, and i
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N T I S20109. SILVER JEWELRYStrengt
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N T I S201011. CHYANGRA PASHMINA PR
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N T I S201013. TOURISMStrengthsNatu
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N T I S201015. IT AND BPO SERVICESS
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N T I S201017. EDUCATION SERVICESSt
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N T I S201019. HYDRO-ELECTRICITYStr
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Appendix 1Methodology for Export Po
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N T I S2010B. Data SourcesThe analy
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Appendix 2Market Attractiveness Ind
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N T I S2010Rank13) Tourism1 Germany
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Appendix 3Updated Legislative Actio
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N T I S2010specified management sys
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N T I S2010than pesticide residues
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Appendix 5Malaysia GAP (Skim Amalam
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N T I S2010E. Document ControlQMS d
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Appendix 7Good Agricultural Practic
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