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Chapter 2Nineteen Export Potentials: Detailed Sector AnalysesN T I S20102.1 IntroductionThis chapter presents detailed analyses of the 19 export potential sectors identified in Chapter 1. Each exportpotential is examined along the dimensions that are the basis for the four ranking indexes used in the previouschapter.Short analyses of the five additional sectors with export potential that were identified in the course of thefieldwork are also presented at the end of the chapter.Key findings and actions recommended for each of the 19 sectors are summarized in the SWOT (Strength,Weakness, Opportunity and Threat) analyses presented in the NTIS 2010 Action Matrix.2.2 Nineteen Detailed Sector Analyses1) CardamomBackground 1Large cardamom (Amomum subulatom Roxb.) is one of the oldest spices indigenous to the eastern Himalayas.It comes under the family Zingiberaceae to which ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and small cardamom(Elettaria cardamomum Maton) also belong to. It originated in Sikkim, located between Nepal and Bhutan.Large cardamom was introduced into Ilam (Nepal) in 1865, by Nepalese labourers who went to Sikkim forseasonal work. However, commercial cultivation was started in Ilam only in 1953. The establishment ofthe Cardamom Development Centre (CDC) in 1975 paved the way for the development of this crop. Today,cardamom cultivation is spread over 37 districts, but more than 84 per cent of total national productioncomes from four districts (Taplejung, Panchthar, Ilam and Sankhuwasabha) in eastern Nepal. It is one of themajor sources of cash income for the farmers there. Large cardamom is mainly grown in three countries, viz.Nepal, India, and Bhutan. Cardamom, in particular small cardamom, produced in Burma, Thailand, Vietnam,Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Honduras, and South India are of different species within thesame genera or of another genera. Nepal is by far the world’s largest exporter of large cardamom and has alsobecome the largest producer in recent years.Index 1: Export PerformanceTable 2.1Export Value of Cardamom, 2005-2009 (US$1,000)2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Export Value10,670 1,587 7,106 21,329 n/a(mirror data)Export Value12,326 11,114 13,190 14,966 n/a(Nepalese data)Note: Nepalese data refers to 2004/05 –2007/08.1Some data and information from two previous ITC studies, the Export Potential Assessment undertaken in 2007 (ITC, 2007a) and an extensivestudy on the cardamom sector (ITC, 2007c).NEPAL TRADE INTEGRATION STRATEGY 2010BACKGROUND REPORT21
N T I S2010Types of Exported Products: There are a few varieties of large cardamom cultivated in Nepal like Ramsai, Golsai,Chibesai, Dambersai, Sawney, and Kantidaar. Among these, Ramsai, Golsai, and Chibesai are widespread incultivation and export. Most of the large cardamom is exported without undertaking value adding activities,such as grading by size, in Nepal.Current Export Destinations: India is the major export market for Nepalese large cardamom (90 per cent ofNepal’s exports). Pakistan, Singapore, and the UAE are the other main export markets for Nepal. Accordingto information obtained from traders, Afghanistan also has been emerging as an important buyer of Nepalilarge cardamom over the past three years.Potential Export Destinations: Based on Indian export statistics, the main importers of large cardamom arePakistan, Saudi Arabia, UAE, UK, and the USA. These markets appear to have the highest potential for directexport from Nepal. Some exports to these markets are already occurring, and in addition exports to Nepal areoften re-exported to these markets. (More on this below.)Nepal’s World Market Share: Nepal is the world’s largest exporter of large cardamom and its exports to Indiaalone are much higher than India’s exports. Using data for 2008, Nepal’s share of world exports is around 90per cent. 2Trade Balance: Nepal is a net exporter of large cardamom. Very few imports are recorded.Dynamism of Exports: It is estimated that less than 10 per cent of the total production goes for domesticconsumption and the remaining 90 per cent is for export. The export trend of Nepalese large cardamom toIndia and overseas markets has been very encouraging. In terms of quantity it has more than doubled in thelast five years (based on Nepalese data). Export values also show an upward trend, but with a significantdifference between mirror data (mainly based on Indian data) and Nepalese data.Prices can fluctuate significantly and have shown no clear trend in recent years (ITC, 2007c).Export Prospect: Nepal’s export of large cardamom is very dependent on the Siliguri market in India.Cardamom is mainly exported to that market, where traders do value adding activities like tail cutting, gradingby size, cleaning, and dispatching to markets like Delhi and Mumbai. The dependency on that market couldbe reduced if some of these activities could be done within Nepal. Traders report that almost all the exportedquantity of large cardamom from Nepal to India is re-exported to Pakistan, UAE, and other countries byIndian traders from Delhi and Mumbai, although this cannot be confirmed with trade statistics (India importssignificantly more from Nepal than it exports to third countries). It is also reported that Nepali large cardamomis preferred over the Indian large cardamom in Pakistan and other markets due to its quality. Thus, there is agreat potential for Nepal to increase direct exports to those markets. However, most cardamom is consumedin India, which will remain the main market in the foreseeable future, too. India has shown a declining trendin production due to diseases, which is an opportunity for Nepal to increase its production and exports (ITC,2007c).Index 2: World Market ConditionsTotal World Export Value: The world market consists mainly of three trade flows: Nepal to India, Nepalto third countries, and India to third countries. Nepal’s exports to India account for up to 90 per cent ofinternational trade in large cardamom, depending on the data used. India’s exports of large cardamom havebeen around US$4-6 million in recent years, significantly less than Nepal’s exports to India. The Total WorldExport Value for 2008 is estimated to be around US$20-30 million.2In 2008, India imported 10,391 MT of large cardamom from Nepal. India’s exports in 2007/08 were 1,325 MT.22NEPAL TRADE INTEGRATION STRATEGY 2010BACKGROUND REPORT
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Page 5 and 6: Table of ContentsForewordAbbreviati
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N T I S2010Availability and Quality
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N T I S2010Attractive Markets for S
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N T I S2010Production Capacity: Nep
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N T I S201012345678910# Name of Ste
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N T I S2010Export Prospect: Accordi
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N T I S2010The value added of those
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N T I S2010sheep population, which
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N T I S201013) TourismBackgroundTou
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N T I S2010Index 2: World Market Co
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N T I S2010There are also about 24
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N T I S2010Index 1: Export Performa
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N T I S2010Index 2: World Market Co
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N T I S2010Contribution to Skill De
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N T I S2010Types of Exported Servic
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N T I S2010Cost and Quality of Infr
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N T I S201016) Health ServicesBackg
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N T I S2010medical services are bei
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N T I S201017) Education ServicesBa
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N T I S2010should be interpreted ca
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N T I S2010foreign students. The me
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N T I S2010Under mode 4 (presence o
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N T I S2010Index 4: Socio-economic
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N T I S2010generate revenue of US$3
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N T I S2010monopsony power. Several
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N T I S2010The possibility of direc
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N T I S2010Dairy Products, specific
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Chapter 3Access to the Indian Marke
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N T I S2010The Nepal-India Trade Tr
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N T I S2010Most issues reported abo
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N T I S2010Nepalese Domestic Issues
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N T I S2010India’s view is that t
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Chapter 4Access to the Chinese Mark
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N T I S2010products must be wholly
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N T I S2010The findings discussed h
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N T I S20104.5 Other Impediments to
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N T I S20104.7 Recommendations: Cha
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N T I S2010inflow between 2000 and
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N T I S2010Industrial Parks and SEZ
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N T I S2010Lack of up-to-date polic
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N T I S2010Apart from the critical
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N T I S2010capabilities in all five
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N T I S20105.5. Combining Investmen
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Chapter 6Trade FacilitationN T I S2
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N T I S2010In the 2005 Trade Facili
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N T I S2010The latest phase of impl
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N T I S2010improve efficiency. Few
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N T I S2010Figure 7.1Future Organog
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N T I S2010EU countries, special pr
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N T I S2010Act 1980. So far, 130 fi
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N T I S2010The current projects inc
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N T I S2010The NBSM as a secretaria
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N T I S2010Many more organizations
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N T I S2010Table 7.8Existing Nepal
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Table 7.9Standards Issues for Ten E
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N T I S20107.14 Priority Actions an
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N T I S2010It is not clear what amo
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N T I S2010GeneralNepal’s general
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N T I S2010a crucial part of the PR
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N T I S2010residue limits (MRLs) ar
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N T I S2010The viral diseases chirk
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N T I S2010SPS issues Affecting Tra
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N T I S2010Indian phytosanitary sta
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N T I S20108.5 Conclusions and Reco
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N T I S2010Simpler requirements suc
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Table 8.4Summary of Export Environm
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N T I S2010To register a patent, a
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N T I S2010breaches of law. The Nep
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N T I S2010Intellectual Property is
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Chapter 10Barriers to Service Trade
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N T I S2010Constraints in the touri
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N T I S2010Table 10.2Nepal GATS Com
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N T I S2010locations favourable for
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N T I S2010Barriers to Exports of H
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N T I S2010Institutional IssueThe s
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N T I S2010Observations from enterp
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N T I S2010Nepal Ginger Producers a
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N T I S2010 Helping paper manufactu
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N T I S2010The key principles inclu
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N T I S2010That being said, Nepal h
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N T I S2010Nepal Business ForumOn M
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N T I S2010Third, capacity developm
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N T I S2010expected to emerge from
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N T I S201012.7 Possible Options fo
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N T I S201012.8 RecommendationsThe
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N T I S2010GoN / MoF (2009), Econom
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N T I S2010Thapa, Ajit N.S. (2006).
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N T I S2010NEPAL TRADE INTEGRATION
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N T I S2010MainOutcomes Recommended
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N T I S2010NEPAL TRADE INTEGRATION
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N T I S20102. GINGERStrengths Tradi
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N T I S20104. LENTILSStrengths High
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N T I S20105. TEAStrengths Very fav
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N T I S20106. INSTANT NOODLESStreng
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N T I S2010 Review, simplify, and i
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N T I S20109. SILVER JEWELRYStrengt
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N T I S201011. CHYANGRA PASHMINA PR
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N T I S201013. TOURISMStrengthsNatu
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N T I S201015. IT AND BPO SERVICESS
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N T I S201017. EDUCATION SERVICESSt
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N T I S201019. HYDRO-ELECTRICITYStr
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Appendix 1Methodology for Export Po
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N T I S2010B. Data SourcesThe analy
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Appendix 2Market Attractiveness Ind
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N T I S2010Rank13) Tourism1 Germany
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Appendix 3Updated Legislative Actio
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N T I S2010specified management sys
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N T I S2010than pesticide residues
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Appendix 5Malaysia GAP (Skim Amalam
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N T I S2010E. Document ControlQMS d
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Appendix 7Good Agricultural Practic
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