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N T I S20101. CARDAMOMStrengths World’s largest exporter of large cardamom Geo-climatic advantage in cardamom cultivation Typically planted in areas where nothing else grows;thus does not compete for land with other crops Major source of cash income for farmers despite pricefluctuations Unlike many other agricultural products, driedcardamom keeps well; thus, minimal risks associatedwith physical loss during trade Nominal or zero tariff rates in most marketsOpportunities Large scope for expanding production area andincreasing productivity and quality Availability of new technologies like CO2 extractionfor extracting essential oil Increasing adoption of improved processingtechnology; shift from traditional bhatti to improvedbhatti drying system Potential for market development for large cardamomin markets where small green cardamom is consumed Branding in niche marketsWeaknesses Lack of knowledge and adoption of best practicecultivation, quality improvement, and post-harvesthandling Low quality of product Little or no incentive to boost quality High transportation costs Lack of collection centres at farm level Lack of storage facility at farm and trader level Illegal taxes and fees collected in districtsThreats Farmers’ indifference towards large cardamombecause of Chhirke, Phurke, and Jurjure diseases andmarket volatility Farmers not organized for farming of and trading incardamom Dominance by a single export market (India) Deteriorating transport infrastructuresActions Strengthen the Cardamom Association to address the interest of all stakeholders involved in thevalue chain. Examine/implement programmes for aggregation and consolidation of the industry(cooperatives, marketing associations) so as to improve marketing efficiency and obtain thirdparty certification (TPC). Work with traders/exporters to increase value addition activities within the country and reducedependence on Siliguri (India) market. Promote large cardamom in markets that traditionally purchase small cardamom. Create abrand image for Nepal’s large cardamom. Investigate possibility of creating a collective mark or a Geographical Indication (GI) for Nepal’slarge cardamom. Introduce improved farming and post-harvest practices in cardamom-growing areas. Widely introduce the bhatti drying technology to improve quality. Improve extension services and focus on eradication of crop diseases such as Chhirke, Phurke,and Jurjure. Ensure proper testing equipment in central and regional laboratories. Strengthen research and development (R&D) work and produce and distribute seed-based(opposed to sucker-based) quality planting materials on a large scale. Explore avenues for product diversification, catering to spice, essential oil, cardamom paper,incense, colour extraction industries.NEPAL TRADE INTEGRATION STRATEGY 2010BACKGROUND REPORT269
N T I S20102. GINGERStrengths Traditional crop skilfully incorporated into farmingsystem Possibility of inter-cropping with maize, bean, andvegetables; so, a very profitable crop Very nominal labour cost for weeding Fertile red soil and hill climate of Nepal highly suitablefor producing ginger with excellent aroma and othervaluable chemical contents Preference for Nepalese ginger by consumers indomestic and export markets Ease of entry into ginger farming and marketing duein part to existence of established cooperatives formarketing the crop Significant contribution of this sector to farmers’income, employment, and overall rural developmentOpportunities Increasing use of crop by Ayurveda pharmaceuticalindustries in Nepal and India Promotion of new and diversified spices High potential for product diversification—jam, jelly,candy, sauces—and other opportunities for valueaddition Potential for increasing production area Government’s classification of ginger as a high valuecrop and existence of supportive policies Introduction of Ginger and Spice DevelopmentProgramme by Department of Agriculture (DoA) toprovide technical support for farmersWeaknesses Perishable nature of product No permanent solution to the problem of GanoKuhine (rhizome rot) and lack of technicians to dealwith this problem No agro service centre for ginger Lack of good storage, including cold storage; so, highrisk of post-harvest damage Lack of post-harvest technical services Intermittent listing of ginger as a restricted item byIndiaThreats Very high price fluctuations High dependence of market price in Nepal on gingerproduction and pricing in India Indian government’s discouragement of import ofginger from Nepal whenever Indian ginger productionis high Loss of up to 30 per cent ginger in the field and duringstorage due to rhizome rot disease More efficient production in hilly areas of India as wellas in TibetActions Introduce higher yielding and better quality varieties of ginger. (The Government GingerResearch Farm has released a new improved variety suitable for Nepal’s soil and climate thatcan maintain the Bose nature and quality of ginger. Multiplication of this seed can provide anexcellent opportunity for improving the quality of Nepalese ginger.) Examine/implement programmes for aggregation and consolidation of the industry(cooperatives, marketing associations) so as to improve marketing efficiency and obtain TPC. Implement focused programmes to expand ginger farming areas, production, and yield in majorareas/districts. Encourage contract farming for ginger. Provide training in post-harvest handling. Establish ginger collection centres (similar to vegetable collection centres) by involving farmers’groups, local government, DOA and traders. Conduct regular business meetings of entrepreneurs, investors, farmers, and technicians toaddress various production- and trade-related issues. Diversify into processing ginger extracts (oleoresin). Encourage processing of ginger for product diversification and value addition within the country,including simple drying. Resolve the unexpected and ad hoc import restrictions imposed by India through tradenegotiations.270NEPAL TRADE INTEGRATION STRATEGY 2010BACKGROUND REPORT
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Nepal Trade Integration Strategy 20
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Table of ContentsForewordAbbreviati
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Table 2.17 Acreage and Production o
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List of BoxesBox 2.1 A Nepalese IT
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LoD Limit of DetectionM&E Monitorin
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Chapter 1Trading Environment, Expor
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N T I S20101.3 Capacity Development
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N T I S2010Table 1.1Balance of Paym
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N T I S2010Changes in the Nepalese
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N T I S20101.5 Expanding an ‘Incl
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N T I S2010 Index 4 measures the po
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N T I S2010Table 1.9Impact of 19 Ex
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N T I S2010Table 1.10Geographical D
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N T I S20101.7 Declining Importance
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N T I S2010negotiate for the inclus
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N T I S2010Types of Exported Produc
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N T I S2010Table 2.2Large Cardamom:
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N T I S2010Index 4: Socio-economic
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N T I S2010Index 1: Export Performa
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N T I S2010exporters. Nepal permits
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N T I S2010RankCountryExports Nepal
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N T I S2010like China and Australia
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N T I S2010The opportunities for pr
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N T I S2010Lentils are subject to o
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N T I S2010Production Capacity: Nat
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N T I S2010Gender Impact: This sect
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N T I S2010Export Prospect: Accordi
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N T I S2010Cost and Quality of Infr
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N T I S2010Attractive markets for T
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N T I S2010Market Access Conditions
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N T I S2010Gender Impact: The respo
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N T I S2010Information from industr
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N T I S2010RankCountryTable 2.26Att
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N T I S2010# Botanical Name 41 Spec
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N T I S2010Current Export Destinati
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N T I S2010significant attention fr
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N T I S20109) Silver JewelryBackgro
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N T I S2010Availability and Quality
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N T I S2010Attractive Markets for S
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N T I S2010Production Capacity: Nep
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N T I S2010ii.iii.required for the
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N T I S201012345678910# Name of Ste
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N T I S2010Export Prospect: Accordi
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N T I S2010Gender Impact: Female wo
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N T I S2010The value added of those
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N T I S2010sheep population, which
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N T I S201013) TourismBackgroundTou
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N T I S2010Index 2: World Market Co
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N T I S2010There are also about 24
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N T I S2010Index 1: Export Performa
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N T I S2010Index 2: World Market Co
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N T I S2010Contribution to Skill De
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N T I S2010Types of Exported Servic
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N T I S201016) Health ServicesBackg
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N T I S2010medical services are bei
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N T I S201017) Education ServicesBa
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N T I S2010should be interpreted ca
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N T I S2010foreign students. The me
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N T I S2010Under mode 4 (presence o
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N T I S2010Index 4: Socio-economic
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N T I S2010generate revenue of US$3
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N T I S2010monopsony power. Several
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N T I S2010The possibility of direc
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N T I S2010Dairy Products, specific
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Chapter 3Access to the Indian Marke
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N T I S2010The Nepal-India Trade Tr
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N T I S2010Most issues reported abo
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N T I S2010Nepalese Domestic Issues
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N T I S2010India’s view is that t
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Chapter 4Access to the Chinese Mark
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N T I S2010products must be wholly
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N T I S2010The findings discussed h
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N T I S20104.5 Other Impediments to
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N T I S20104.7 Recommendations: Cha
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N T I S2010inflow between 2000 and
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N T I S2010Industrial Parks and SEZ
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N T I S2010Lack of up-to-date polic
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N T I S2010Apart from the critical
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N T I S2010capabilities in all five
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N T I S20105.5. Combining Investmen
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Chapter 6Trade FacilitationN T I S2
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N T I S2010In the 2005 Trade Facili
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N T I S2010The latest phase of impl
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N T I S2010improve efficiency. Few
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N T I S2010Figure 7.1Future Organog
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N T I S2010EU countries, special pr
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N T I S2010Act 1980. So far, 130 fi
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N T I S2010The current projects inc
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N T I S2010The NBSM as a secretaria
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N T I S2010Many more organizations
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N T I S2010Table 7.8Existing Nepal
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Table 7.9Standards Issues for Ten E
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N T I S20107.14 Priority Actions an
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N T I S2010It is not clear what amo
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N T I S2010GeneralNepal’s general
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N T I S2010a crucial part of the PR
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N T I S2010residue limits (MRLs) ar
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N T I S2010The viral diseases chirk
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N T I S2010SPS issues Affecting Tra
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N T I S2010Indian phytosanitary sta
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N T I S20108.5 Conclusions and Reco
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N T I S2010Simpler requirements suc
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Table 8.4Summary of Export Environm
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N T I S2010To register a patent, a
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N T I S2010breaches of law. The Nep
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N T I S2010Intellectual Property is
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Chapter 10Barriers to Service Trade
Page 230 and 231: N T I S2010Constraints in the touri
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Page 236 and 237: N T I S2010Barriers to Exports of H
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Page 241 and 242: N T I S2010 Strengthening sub-natio
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Page 253 and 254: N T I S2010The key principles inclu
Page 255 and 256: N T I S2010That being said, Nepal h
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Page 267 and 268: N T I S2010GoN / MoF (2009), Econom
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Page 272 and 273: N T I S2010NEPAL TRADE INTEGRATION
Page 274 and 275: N T I S2010MainOutcomes Recommended
Page 280: N T I S2010NEPAL TRADE INTEGRATION
Page 285 and 286: N T I S20104. LENTILSStrengths High
Page 287 and 288: N T I S20105. TEAStrengths Very fav
Page 289 and 290: N T I S20106. INSTANT NOODLESStreng
Page 291 and 292: N T I S2010 Review, simplify, and i
Page 293 and 294: N T I S20109. SILVER JEWELRYStrengt
Page 295 and 296: N T I S201011. CHYANGRA PASHMINA PR
Page 297 and 298: N T I S201013. TOURISMStrengthsNatu
Page 299 and 300: N T I S201015. IT AND BPO SERVICESS
Page 301 and 302: N T I S201017. EDUCATION SERVICESSt
Page 303 and 304: N T I S201019. HYDRO-ELECTRICITYStr
Page 306 and 307: Appendix 1Methodology for Export Po
Page 308 and 309: N T I S2010B. Data SourcesThe analy
Page 310 and 311: Appendix 2Market Attractiveness Ind
Page 312 and 313: N T I S2010Rank13) Tourism1 Germany
Page 314 and 315: Appendix 3Updated Legislative Actio
Page 316 and 317: N T I S2010specified management sys
Page 318 and 319: N T I S2010than pesticide residues
Page 320 and 321: Appendix 5Malaysia GAP (Skim Amalam
Page 322 and 323: N T I S2010E. Document ControlQMS d
Page 324 and 325: Appendix 7Good Agricultural Practic
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