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N T I S2010There are also about 24 private associations related to travel and tourism services ranging from the HotelAssociation of Nepal (HAN) to Nepal Association of Tours and Travel Association (NATTA) to Nepal Associationof Rafting Association (NARA), etc.Statistics on the sector are easily available and an exit survey has also been undertaken in 2008.Prospect for Domestic Supply Conditions: Industry sources are generally optimistic about the future oftourism services in Nepal. They see new opportunities, such as opening of new trekking routes, various typesof adventure tourism, including cycling and jeep drive, canoeing, nature walks, and bird watching. Farmtourism and religious tourism are other potentials. Better infrastructure and better visa facilities for crossbordertourism from Tibet and India could add value to the current services.Index 4: Socio-economic ImpactCurrent Employment and Job-Creation Prospect: It is estimated that tourism in Nepal provides directemployment to about 237,000 people and indirect employment to about 548,000 people (WTTC, 2008). Thisis roughly in line with estimates by MoCTA reported in ZRS (2008).Gender Impact: No estimate is available on the share of women in employment. Their share is low at manageriallevel, and the share of women receiving training in Nepal Academy of Tourism and Hotel Management(NATHM) is only 15 per cent.Contribution to Skill Development: Several institutions and universities provide education in the field oftourism, such as the NATHM and the International School of Tourism and Hotel Management (ZRS, 2008).The universities in Nepal, including constituent and affiliated campuses, also provide degree and non-degreecourses on tourism.Impact on Development of Disadvantaged Regions: The sector contributes in terms of development ofdisadvantaged areas and rural areas because a lot of the activities take place in rural areas. However, largeparts of Nepal, such as the Far Western Region, receive very few visitors.Energy and Water Constraints and Environmental Impact: The sector does not have a particularly negativeimpact on the environment, but it can lead to problems in certain regions (garbage, high use of wood forenergy).Market Attractiveness IndexWe are using statistics on tourism expenditure by country to calculate an index of attractive markets, basedon both absolute expenditure (in 2008) and growth in recent years. Germany ranks highest, but some othercountries are emerging as major markets, such as Saudi Arabia, Iran, and China. India (not shown) ranks 21 stwith a current expenditure volume of US$9.6 billion and 20 per cent annual growth.NEPAL TRADE INTEGRATION STRATEGY 2010BACKGROUND REPORT93
N T I S201014) Labour ServicesBackgroundTable 2.46Attractive Markets for TourismAttractive markets for TourismTop 10 - Weighted index for size and growthTourism expenditure Average annualCountryRank(US$ billion, 2008) growth (2000-2008)1 Germany 91 8%2 Saudi Arabia 6 81%3 USA 80 3%4 UK 69 9%5 France 43 13%6 Iran 9 43%7 China 36 16%8 Russian Federation 25 16%9 Italy 31 10%10 Ukraine 4 35%Source: Based on UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, October 2009.Over 1.5 million Nepalese are currently working abroad, with remittances in 2009 estimated at US$2.7billion. This makes labour services by far the largest foreign exchange earner of the Nepalese economy. As acomparison, revenues from tourism are US$352 million, and all goods export in 2008 was only around US$1billion. Remittances are 17 per cent of GDP, one of the highest shares in the world. 105Temporary migration has a long history in Nepal. 106 Previously limited to the British army and the Indian army,migration has now spread to more than 100 countries. Additionally, people are at liberty to go to any countryaround the world on their individual effort. Unlike the history of Nepalese male workers going abroad, thehistory of women migrant workers started only after the promulgation of the Foreign Employment Act 1985,but most migrant workers are still men.Most Nepalese working abroad are low-skilled and therefore earn relatively low salaries, typically less thanUS$200 a month. Transaction costs are high and could cost 25 per cent of the salary earned over a two-yearperiod.As noted in the previous chapter, from an export perspective, what is relevant are remittances from temporarymigrant workers. Transfers from Nepalese that are permanent overseas residents are not exports. Balance ofPayments (BoP) data do not distinguish between the two types of transfer. However, in the case of Nepal, itcan be assumed that a great majority of BoP transfers are from temporary migrant workers.105Nepal ranks 14 th in the world in the share of remittances in GDP (World Bank, 2007 data).106The tradition of Nepalese youth going for foreign employment can be traced back to the early 19th century, when the East India Companystarted recruiting Nepalese youth in the army. Since then, the Nepalese people have continuously been engaged in foreign employment.94NEPAL TRADE INTEGRATION STRATEGY 2010BACKGROUND REPORT
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Nepal Trade Integration Strategy 20
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Table of ContentsForewordAbbreviati
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Table 2.17 Acreage and Production o
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List of BoxesBox 2.1 A Nepalese IT
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LoD Limit of DetectionM&E Monitorin
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Chapter 1Trading Environment, Expor
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N T I S20101.3 Capacity Development
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N T I S2010Table 1.1Balance of Paym
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N T I S2010Changes in the Nepalese
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N T I S20101.5 Expanding an ‘Incl
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N T I S2010 Index 4 measures the po
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N T I S2010Table 1.9Impact of 19 Ex
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N T I S2010Table 1.10Geographical D
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N T I S20101.7 Declining Importance
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N T I S2010negotiate for the inclus
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N T I S2010Types of Exported Produc
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N T I S2010Table 2.2Large Cardamom:
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N T I S2010Index 4: Socio-economic
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N T I S2010Index 1: Export Performa
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N T I S2010exporters. Nepal permits
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N T I S2010RankCountryExports Nepal
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N T I S2010like China and Australia
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N T I S2010The opportunities for pr
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N T I S2010Lentils are subject to o
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Page 62 and 63: N T I S2010Cost and Quality of Infr
Page 64 and 65: N T I S2010Attractive markets for T
Page 66 and 67: N T I S2010Market Access Conditions
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Page 78 and 79: N T I S2010Current Export Destinati
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Page 86 and 87: N T I S2010Attractive Markets for S
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Page 92 and 93: N T I S201012345678910# Name of Ste
Page 94 and 95: N T I S2010Export Prospect: Accordi
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Page 98 and 99: N T I S2010The value added of those
Page 100 and 101: N T I S2010sheep population, which
Page 102 and 103: N T I S201013) TourismBackgroundTou
Page 104 and 105: N T I S2010Index 2: World Market Co
Page 108 and 109: N T I S2010Index 1: Export Performa
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Page 112 and 113: N T I S2010Contribution to Skill De
Page 114 and 115: N T I S2010Types of Exported Servic
Page 118 and 119: N T I S201016) Health ServicesBackg
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Page 122 and 123: N T I S201017) Education ServicesBa
Page 124 and 125: N T I S2010should be interpreted ca
Page 126 and 127: N T I S2010foreign students. The me
Page 128 and 129: N T I S2010Under mode 4 (presence o
Page 130 and 131: N T I S2010Index 4: Socio-economic
Page 132 and 133: N T I S2010generate revenue of US$3
Page 134 and 135: N T I S2010monopsony power. Several
Page 136 and 137: N T I S2010The possibility of direc
Page 138 and 139: N T I S2010Dairy Products, specific
Page 140 and 141: Chapter 3Access to the Indian Marke
Page 142 and 143: N T I S2010The Nepal-India Trade Tr
Page 144 and 145: N T I S2010Most issues reported abo
Page 146 and 147: N T I S2010Nepalese Domestic Issues
Page 148 and 149: N T I S2010India’s view is that t
Page 150 and 151: Chapter 4Access to the Chinese Mark
Page 152 and 153: N T I S2010products must be wholly
Page 154 and 155: N T I S2010The findings discussed h
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N T I S20104.5 Other Impediments to
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N T I S20104.7 Recommendations: Cha
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N T I S2010inflow between 2000 and
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N T I S2010Industrial Parks and SEZ
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N T I S2010Lack of up-to-date polic
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N T I S2010Apart from the critical
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N T I S2010capabilities in all five
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N T I S20105.5. Combining Investmen
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Chapter 6Trade FacilitationN T I S2
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N T I S2010In the 2005 Trade Facili
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N T I S2010The latest phase of impl
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N T I S2010improve efficiency. Few
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N T I S2010Figure 7.1Future Organog
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N T I S2010EU countries, special pr
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N T I S2010Act 1980. So far, 130 fi
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N T I S2010The current projects inc
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N T I S2010The NBSM as a secretaria
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N T I S2010Many more organizations
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N T I S2010Table 7.8Existing Nepal
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Table 7.9Standards Issues for Ten E
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N T I S20107.14 Priority Actions an
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N T I S2010It is not clear what amo
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N T I S2010GeneralNepal’s general
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N T I S2010a crucial part of the PR
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N T I S2010residue limits (MRLs) ar
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N T I S2010The viral diseases chirk
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N T I S2010SPS issues Affecting Tra
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N T I S2010Indian phytosanitary sta
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N T I S20108.5 Conclusions and Reco
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N T I S2010Simpler requirements suc
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Table 8.4Summary of Export Environm
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N T I S2010To register a patent, a
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N T I S2010breaches of law. The Nep
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N T I S2010Intellectual Property is
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Chapter 10Barriers to Service Trade
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N T I S2010Constraints in the touri
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N T I S2010Table 10.2Nepal GATS Com
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N T I S2010locations favourable for
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N T I S2010Barriers to Exports of H
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N T I S2010Institutional IssueThe s
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N T I S2010 Strengthening sub-natio
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N T I S2010Observations from enterp
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N T I S2010Nepal Ginger Producers a
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N T I S2010 Helping paper manufactu
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N T I S2010Computer Association of
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N T I S20105. Also related to the a
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N T I S2010The key principles inclu
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N T I S2010That being said, Nepal h
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N T I S2010Nepal Business ForumOn M
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N T I S2010Third, capacity developm
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N T I S2010expected to emerge from
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N T I S201012.7 Possible Options fo
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N T I S201012.8 RecommendationsThe
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N T I S2010GoN / MoF (2009), Econom
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N T I S2010Thapa, Ajit N.S. (2006).
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N T I S2010NEPAL TRADE INTEGRATION
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N T I S2010MainOutcomes Recommended
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N T I S2010NEPAL TRADE INTEGRATION
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N T I S20102. GINGERStrengths Tradi
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N T I S20104. LENTILSStrengths High
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N T I S20105. TEAStrengths Very fav
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N T I S20106. INSTANT NOODLESStreng
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N T I S2010 Review, simplify, and i
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N T I S20109. SILVER JEWELRYStrengt
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N T I S201011. CHYANGRA PASHMINA PR
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N T I S201013. TOURISMStrengthsNatu
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N T I S201015. IT AND BPO SERVICESS
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N T I S201017. EDUCATION SERVICESSt
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N T I S201019. HYDRO-ELECTRICITYStr
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Appendix 1Methodology for Export Po
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N T I S2010B. Data SourcesThe analy
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Appendix 2Market Attractiveness Ind
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N T I S2010Rank13) Tourism1 Germany
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Appendix 3Updated Legislative Actio
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N T I S2010specified management sys
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N T I S2010than pesticide residues
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Appendix 5Malaysia GAP (Skim Amalam
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N T I S2010E. Document ControlQMS d
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Appendix 7Good Agricultural Practic
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