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N T I S201013) TourismBackgroundTourism is a major foreign exchange earner for Nepal and its revenues significantly exceed the revenue of eachsingle merchandise export product. With estimated revenue of US$352 million in 2008 and 500,000 visitors,tourism revenue is 37 per cent of all merchandise export and three times higher than revenue from carpets--the major export product of Nepal. This makes tourism by far the largest export industry of Nepal, except forthe even higher revenues generated by the Nepalese migrant workers. Nepal has quite obviously a comparativeadvantage for certain tourism sectors due to its cultural and natural heritage. However, developments in 1999-2002 have shown that the sector is particularly vulnerable to political instability. Though tourist arrivals haverecovered in recent years, numbers would certainly fall again if the political situation deteriorated. Apart frompolitical instability and conflicts between employers and workers--major problems for any sector in Nepal--thetourism industry suffers from insufficient transport infrastructure (road, air, and electricity).The Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation (MoTCA) is the main tourism regulator 92 and the Civil AviationAuthority of Nepal (CAAN) 93 acts as the regulator in civil aviation. Nepal Tourism Board (NTB) has beenacting as the national tourism organization since December 1998 to address the pressing need of the tourismindustry by designing specific brand image and supporting promotional campaigns.In 2011, Nepal is celebrating Nepal Tourism Year, with the aim of increasing the number of arrivals to onemillion, which would require doubling of the current number of arrivals.Index 1: Export PerformanceTable 2.44Export Value of Tourism, 2004-2008 (US$1,000)2004 2005 2006 2007 2008180,000 148,000 163,000 231,000 352,000Source: MOTCA (2008).Although the measurement of export revenue accruing from tourism is problematic 94 , the numbers of arrivalscan be used as a proxy. MoTCA also provides statistics on the average length of stay, which has been prettystable since 1980 (10-12 days per visitor, with a temporary decline to 8 days in 2002). Tourist arrivals grewsteadily from almost zero in the 1960s to 500,000 in the late 1990s, but then dropped to almost half of itspeak between 1999 and 2002 due to the political situation in Nepal. They have since steadily increased to justabove their pre-crisis level.92MoTCA, as tourism regulator, deals with registration, licensing, categorization of star hotels, providing facilities and incentives, and monitoringand evaluation.93CAAN came into existence in December 1998 and acts as the regulator in civil aviation. It provides Air Operator Certificate (AOC) and entersinto air service agreements with different countries. At present, the GoN has entered into AOC agreements with 35 countries, but only 18airlines have schedule flights so far. Prior to liberalization in 1993, the civil aviation department used to perform the activities of CAAN.94The government’s accounting system captures only the contribution of hotels and restaurants rather than the total contribution of the traveland tourism sector, which is expected to be much higher than this figure. This implies the need to introduce Tourism Satellite Accountingadopted already by a large number of developed and developing countries.NEPAL TRADE INTEGRATION STRATEGY 2010BACKGROUND REPORT89
N T I S2010Figure 2.4 Tourist Arrivals 1980-2009Source: MOTCA (2009). 2009 data estimated based on trends in air arrivalfigures. 95Types of Exported Services: The majority of foreign tourists visit Nepal for sightseeing (30 per cent) andtrekking/mountaineering (20 per cent). Around 10 per cent of visitors come for pilgrimage, mainly from SriLanka and India. Travel for business or conferences counts for 6 per cent of arrivals (MoTCA, 2008).Current Export Destinations: In 2008, out of 500,000 visitors, the majority were residents of India (84,000),Sri Lanka (38,000), China (36,000), UK (30,000), USA (28,000), and Japan (22,000). The share of Indian arrivalshas been relatively stable with 20-30 per cent since 1990.Nepal’s World Market Share: Nepal has a negligible share in global revenue from tourism (0.04 per cent).However, Nepal compares well with other destinations in the region. In 2008, Nepal received 500,000 visitors,comparable to the numbers in some of the other countries in the region. 96 Tibet’s fast-growing market received365,000 international visitors in 2007. 97Export Prospect: With very promising world market prospect (see below), the outlook for Nepal is verypositive. Forecasts for Nepal’s tourism sector are provided by the World Travel and Tourism Council, with anexpected annual real growth rate of 3.9 per cent between 2010 and 2019. 98 Nepal has attracted more andmore visitors from countries such as Korea (South) and China in recent years. However, the major factor forfuture export prospect is clearly the political situation in Nepal. The fall in tourist arrivals in 1999-2002 hasshown how vulnerable the sector is. At the same time, tourist arrivals had grown continuously within theregion, which clearly shows that this was a period of missed opportunities for Nepal.95See http://www.ftnnews.com/content/view/8226/32/96India (5.4 million), Sri Lanka (438,000), Pakistan (823,000), Bhutan (28,000). Source: UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, September 200997Source: http://www.china.org.cn/english/travel/240898.htm98World Travel & Tourism Council (2009). Travel & Tourism Economic Impact – Nepal. Available at www.wttc.org.90NEPAL TRADE INTEGRATION STRATEGY 2010BACKGROUND REPORT
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Nepal Trade Integration Strategy 20
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Table of ContentsForewordAbbreviati
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Table 2.17 Acreage and Production o
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List of BoxesBox 2.1 A Nepalese IT
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LoD Limit of DetectionM&E Monitorin
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Chapter 1Trading Environment, Expor
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N T I S20101.3 Capacity Development
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N T I S2010Table 1.1Balance of Paym
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N T I S2010Changes in the Nepalese
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N T I S20101.5 Expanding an ‘Incl
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N T I S2010 Index 4 measures the po
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N T I S2010Table 1.9Impact of 19 Ex
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N T I S2010Table 1.10Geographical D
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N T I S20101.7 Declining Importance
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N T I S2010negotiate for the inclus
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N T I S2010Types of Exported Produc
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N T I S2010Table 2.2Large Cardamom:
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N T I S2010Index 4: Socio-economic
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N T I S2010Index 1: Export Performa
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N T I S2010exporters. Nepal permits
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N T I S2010RankCountryExports Nepal
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N T I S2010like China and Australia
Page 51 and 52: N T I S2010The opportunities for pr
Page 53 and 54: N T I S2010Lentils are subject to o
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Page 60 and 61: N T I S2010Export Prospect: Accordi
Page 62 and 63: N T I S2010Cost and Quality of Infr
Page 64 and 65: N T I S2010Attractive markets for T
Page 66 and 67: N T I S2010Market Access Conditions
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Page 70 and 71: N T I S2010Information from industr
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Page 76 and 77: N T I S2010# Botanical Name 41 Spec
Page 78 and 79: N T I S2010Current Export Destinati
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Page 82 and 83: N T I S20109) Silver JewelryBackgro
Page 84 and 85: N T I S2010Availability and Quality
Page 86 and 87: N T I S2010Attractive Markets for S
Page 88 and 89: N T I S2010Production Capacity: Nep
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Page 92 and 93: N T I S201012345678910# Name of Ste
Page 94 and 95: N T I S2010Export Prospect: Accordi
Page 96 and 97: N T I S2010Gender Impact: Female wo
Page 98 and 99: N T I S2010The value added of those
Page 100 and 101: N T I S2010sheep population, which
Page 104 and 105: N T I S2010Index 2: World Market Co
Page 106 and 107: N T I S2010There are also about 24
Page 108 and 109: N T I S2010Index 1: Export Performa
Page 110 and 111: N T I S2010Index 2: World Market Co
Page 112 and 113: N T I S2010Contribution to Skill De
Page 114 and 115: N T I S2010Types of Exported Servic
Page 118 and 119: N T I S201016) Health ServicesBackg
Page 120 and 121: N T I S2010medical services are bei
Page 122 and 123: N T I S201017) Education ServicesBa
Page 124 and 125: N T I S2010should be interpreted ca
Page 126 and 127: N T I S2010foreign students. The me
Page 128 and 129: N T I S2010Under mode 4 (presence o
Page 130 and 131: N T I S2010Index 4: Socio-economic
Page 132 and 133: N T I S2010generate revenue of US$3
Page 134 and 135: N T I S2010monopsony power. Several
Page 136 and 137: N T I S2010The possibility of direc
Page 138 and 139: N T I S2010Dairy Products, specific
Page 140 and 141: Chapter 3Access to the Indian Marke
Page 142 and 143: N T I S2010The Nepal-India Trade Tr
Page 144 and 145: N T I S2010Most issues reported abo
Page 146 and 147: N T I S2010Nepalese Domestic Issues
Page 148 and 149: N T I S2010India’s view is that t
Page 150 and 151: Chapter 4Access to the Chinese Mark
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N T I S2010products must be wholly
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N T I S2010The findings discussed h
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N T I S20104.5 Other Impediments to
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N T I S20104.7 Recommendations: Cha
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N T I S2010inflow between 2000 and
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N T I S2010Industrial Parks and SEZ
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N T I S2010Lack of up-to-date polic
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N T I S2010Apart from the critical
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N T I S2010capabilities in all five
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N T I S20105.5. Combining Investmen
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Chapter 6Trade FacilitationN T I S2
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N T I S2010In the 2005 Trade Facili
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N T I S2010The latest phase of impl
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N T I S2010improve efficiency. Few
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N T I S2010Figure 7.1Future Organog
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N T I S2010EU countries, special pr
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N T I S2010Act 1980. So far, 130 fi
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N T I S2010The current projects inc
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N T I S2010The NBSM as a secretaria
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N T I S2010Many more organizations
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N T I S2010Table 7.8Existing Nepal
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Table 7.9Standards Issues for Ten E
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N T I S20107.14 Priority Actions an
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N T I S2010It is not clear what amo
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N T I S2010GeneralNepal’s general
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N T I S2010a crucial part of the PR
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N T I S2010residue limits (MRLs) ar
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N T I S2010The viral diseases chirk
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N T I S2010SPS issues Affecting Tra
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N T I S2010Indian phytosanitary sta
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N T I S20108.5 Conclusions and Reco
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N T I S2010Simpler requirements suc
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Table 8.4Summary of Export Environm
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N T I S2010To register a patent, a
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N T I S2010breaches of law. The Nep
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N T I S2010Intellectual Property is
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Chapter 10Barriers to Service Trade
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N T I S2010Constraints in the touri
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N T I S2010Table 10.2Nepal GATS Com
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N T I S2010locations favourable for
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N T I S2010Barriers to Exports of H
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N T I S2010Institutional IssueThe s
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N T I S2010 Strengthening sub-natio
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N T I S2010Observations from enterp
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N T I S2010Nepal Ginger Producers a
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N T I S2010 Helping paper manufactu
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N T I S2010Computer Association of
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N T I S20105. Also related to the a
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N T I S2010The key principles inclu
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N T I S2010That being said, Nepal h
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N T I S2010Nepal Business ForumOn M
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N T I S2010Third, capacity developm
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N T I S2010expected to emerge from
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N T I S201012.7 Possible Options fo
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N T I S201012.8 RecommendationsThe
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N T I S2010GoN / MoF (2009), Econom
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N T I S2010Thapa, Ajit N.S. (2006).
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N T I S2010NEPAL TRADE INTEGRATION
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N T I S2010MainOutcomes Recommended
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N T I S2010NEPAL TRADE INTEGRATION
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N T I S20102. GINGERStrengths Tradi
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N T I S20104. LENTILSStrengths High
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N T I S20105. TEAStrengths Very fav
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N T I S20106. INSTANT NOODLESStreng
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N T I S2010 Review, simplify, and i
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N T I S20109. SILVER JEWELRYStrengt
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N T I S201011. CHYANGRA PASHMINA PR
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N T I S201013. TOURISMStrengthsNatu
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N T I S201015. IT AND BPO SERVICESS
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N T I S201017. EDUCATION SERVICESSt
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N T I S201019. HYDRO-ELECTRICITYStr
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Appendix 1Methodology for Export Po
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N T I S2010B. Data SourcesThe analy
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Appendix 2Market Attractiveness Ind
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N T I S2010Rank13) Tourism1 Germany
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Appendix 3Updated Legislative Actio
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N T I S2010specified management sys
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N T I S2010than pesticide residues
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Appendix 5Malaysia GAP (Skim Amalam
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N T I S2010E. Document ControlQMS d
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Appendix 7Good Agricultural Practic
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