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Medieval and Colonial Capital Cities of DelhiThe two distinct features of Istanbul are the GreatMosque Hagia Sofya and the covered centralmarket known as bedestan. Unlike many Islamiccities, where the Friday Mosque has a centralmarket, Istanbul did not have any such centralmarket spines with any of its Friday mosques. In18 th century a covered bazaar was designed andconstructed as a representation of a central marketplace known as the Bayuk Bedestan. Istanbul hasbeen designed as a trading city where tradingactivities of all kinds were concentrated in a centrallocation. This market place became the economiccentre of the city. The structure was built withfifteen domes having shops for craftsmen andtraders and inns for the travellers who would cometo the city to visit, pray or trade goods.COMPARATIVE ANALYSISPic 13: Grand Gateway of New Palace, Constantinople, Turkey; byFrith, Francis, 1850s to 1870s, Source: Victoria and Albert MuseumThe urban structure underwent another change in its planning with streets being widened and cul de sacstransformed into thoroughfares. The height of the buildings also increased and the traditional organicstreet pattern was transformed into a more rigid and geometrical grid pattern.The pre Islamic and the Islamic elements of the city form an unique silhouette of the Muslim Capital withminarets and domes surrounded by the late Roman period city walls. This uniqueness in city planningjustifies the powerful manifestation and amalgamation of various cultures over a period of time.Similar to Istanbul, Delhi has also been a political and cultural centre. The city has been strategicallylocated along the crossing road of trade which resulted in amalgamation of various architectural stylesand technology. Reflection of such syncretism was depicted through its tangible forms in the form ofmonumental architecture.Both Delhi and Istanbul have been the capital city of several Empires and a political, cultural and religiousurban centre. The strategic location of both cities (Istanbul located at the meeting point of Europe andAsia along the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea; and Delhi along the crossroads of the Silk Road) hasbeen the cause of enhanced trade from other regions, which contributed to its development.During the Roman and Byzantine rule, the city planning was done by having a primary road as the spine ofthe city along which ceremonies or parades and processions of the Imperial power could be takenthrough. Such a concept can also be seen in Delhi in Shahjahanabad, the Mughal city built in the 17thcentury AD where Chandni Chowk is designed to be the primary spine and the Rajpath for the Imperialcity built in 20th century AD.Similarities can also be drawn to the city planning during the Ottoman rule where the system of mohullas,kulliyes, nahiyes and cul de sacs as chowks are incorporated. Such elements of city planning principles canalso be seen in the 17th cen. AD Shahjahanabad. The Ottoman city was planned as a typical Islamic citywhile Shahjahanabad incorporated both Indian and Islamic principles. The 20th cen. city planning inIstanbul brought in a more rigid planning system for the city where the cul de sacs were made into openthoroughfares changing the original pattern of the medieval city planning. During this period, anothernew city was built in Delhi known as the New Delhi. The streets, boulevards and buildings were laid inaccordance with the planning principles of ‘City Beautiful’ and ‘Garden City’ movement.Traditional housing built in wood in Istanbul and of lime masonry construction in Delhi forms an integralcomponent representing unique human settlement which contributed to the urban fabric of the city.Architectural elements like domes, double storey height minarets, pendentives and stone inlay work areimmensely used after the onset of Ottoman Empire in Istanbul and with the coming of the Sultanate kingsin Delhi.In 1923 AD Istanbul was declared Republic and the capital was shifted to Ankara while Delhi continues tobe the capital city till present day.7/31/2012 INTACH, Delhi Chapter 11
Medieval and Colonial Capital Cities of DelhiCOMPARATIVE ANALYSISDELHI AND ISFAHAN, (Iran)• Historical BackgroundThe historic city of Isfahan; located in the foothillsof Zagros Mountain is today the third largest city inIran. The city was located along the Great Silk Routeand gradually developed into a regional centre.Though the city reached its golden period duringthe Safavid period (14th cen. AD) its history datesback to 2500years when it formed the part of theGreat Achaemenid Empire.With the Arab conquest and coming of the Buyid,Seljuk and Il‐Khanid periods (652 AD‐1387 AD),Isfahan became a part of the expanding Muslimempire and Jujir mosque was built in 976 AD‐985AD as the Friday mosque dating from this period. During 11th cen. AD, Isfahan experienced its Goldenperiod with the subsequent rise of the Seljuks. In the 13th cen. AD like many Islamic cities, Timur alsoinvaded Isfahan and sacked it leaving the city in ruins for 200years.In 16th cen. AD (1597), Shah Abbas I decided to move his capital from Qazvin to Isfahan and Isfahanbecame the capital of the Safavid Empire. It was during his reign that town planning reached its epoch.Several structures like the Meidan Emam, Masjid‐e Jame, Portia of Qeyssariyeh, the Royal mosque, theMosque of Sheyx Lotfollah and Ali Qapu are few of the important structures built over a period of time.During the 18th cen. AD (1772) the Safavid dynasty declined and the Afghan rule was established.• Status of nominationPic 14: Meidan Emam , Source: Nomination Dossier, MeidanEmam, Esfahan, 1979The City of Isfahan is not nominated under the UNESCO’s list of World Heritage Cities though cultural siteslike Meidan Emam, Masjed‐e Jame feature in the world heritage list.The Royal Square, Meidan Emam was nominated in the UNESCO’s list of World heritage Sites in the year1979 under the criteria (i) (v) and (vi).The Masjed‐e Jame or the Friday Mosque was nominated in the UNESCO’s list of World heritage Sites inthe year 2012 under the criteria (ii).• Architectural componentsMeidan Emam: This Royal Square was built in the 17th cen. AD by Shah Abbas I. The square wassurrounded by four significant monumental buildings on each side linked by a series of two‐storiedarcades. The Portia of Qeyssariyeh built in 1602‐1619 lies to the north of the complex while to the southlies the Royal Mosque built in 1612‐1630 AD. The eastern and the western sides are flanked by structureslike the Mosque of Sheyx Lotfollah (1602‐1618 AD) and the pavilion of Ali Qapu (small Timurid palace) of15th cen. AD which was later, enlarged and decorated by the shah and his successors.Masjid‐e Jame: The Masjid‐e Jame also known as theFriday Mosque was built in 841 AD became theprototype for mosque architecture in Central Asia.The courtyard layout of the Sassanid palace complexwas incorporated in the Islamic religious structure.The mosque has double shelled ribbed domes whichinspired builders throughout the region of CentralAsia.Pic 15: Meidan Emam , Source: Nomination Dossier, Masjid‐eJame, Esfahan, 2012.7/31/2012 INTACH, Delhi Chapter 12
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