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424User Guide for Thresholds and ClassificationsNagy, KA 1987. Field metabolic rate and food requirement scaling in mammals and birds. EcologicalMonographs 57: 111–128.Nagy, KA, Girard, IA, Brown, TK 1999. Energetics of free-ranging mammals, reptiles and birds. AnnualReview of Nutrition 19: 247–277.January 2012 EPA0109
425User Guide for Thresholds and Classifications22. Terrestrial Invertebrate Ecotoxicity – Subclass 9.422.1. Basic elements and general considerationsThe basic element to consider in determining hazard classification under the Hazardous Substances andNew Organisms Act 1996 (HSNO Act) for effects on terrestrial invertebrates is acute toxicity to terrestrialinvertebratesWhile data from internationally harmonised test methods are preferred, in practice, data from nationalmethods may also be used where they are considered equivalent. In general, test data are to be derivedusing Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guidelines or equivalentaccording to the principles of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). Where such data are not available,classification should be based on the best available data.See section 18.6 in chapter 18 above for definitions of the key terms used in this chapter.See section 1.3 in chapter 1 above for information about assessing data quality.See Appendix 22A below for a detailed list of acceptable test methods.22.1.1. Acute toxicity to terrestrial invertebratesThe toxicity of substances to terrestrial invertebrates is assessed by oral and contact toxicity.The usual acute tests for effects on terrestrial invertebrates used for HSNO Act classification are:48-hour LD 50 for acute oral toxicity to honeybees (OECD 213 or equivalent); and48-hour LD 50 for acute contact toxicity to honeybees (OECD 214 or equivalent).The lowest value from these tests, with the results expressed in µg/ terrestrial invertebrate, is used to classifythe substance.Guidelines (Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry and European and Mediterranean PlantProtection Organisation (Candolfi et al, 2000)) are available to assess the effects of plant protection productsto non-target arthropods (other than honeybees). The approaches of these tests differ from the HSNO Actthreshold as they are based on field application rates, which mean these test data cannot be readilycompared with the threshold. The guidelines for honeybees use the same units of micrograms per bee asthe in HSNO Act for its threshold, and can be readily used.Conversion of dataThe results of a feeding toxicity test can be expressed as a median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) (milligrams ofsubstance in diet). These results can be converted to the threshold format by multiplying the averagequantity of treated diet per bee (µL) by the concentration of substance in the diet per µL. The ‗feeding test‘guideline (SETAC) states that the treated diet should be prepared such that an average of 10–20 µL of dietis consumed by each bee.Therefore, if the LC 50 for a substance is 1 µg/µL of diet and 10 µL of diet was consumed, the LD 50 would be:January 2012 EPA0109
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