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404User Guide for Thresholds and ClassificationsGustafson, DI, Holden, LR 1990. Nonlinear pesticide dissipation in soil: a new model based on specialvariability. Environmental Science and Technology 24: 1032–1038.ModelMaker No Date. Cherwell Scientific Publishing, Oxford, UK.January 2012 EPA0109
405User Guide for Thresholds and Classifications21. Terrestrial Vertebrate Ecotoxicity – Subclass 9.321.1. Basic elements and general considerationsThe basic elements to consider in determining hazard classifications under the Hazardous Substances andNew Organisms Act 1996 (HSNO Act) for effects on terrestrial vertebrates are:acute mammalian toxicity (oral and dermal tests only);chronic mammalian toxicity;acute avian toxicity (oral gavage or short-term dietary test); andchronic avian toxicity.See section 18.6 in chapter 18 above for definitions of the key terms used in this chapter.21.1.1. Acute toxicityAcute exposure to the substance is examined to determine the relationship between a single administereddose and the observed adverse effects to establish the substance‘s toxicity relative to other substanceswhose acute toxicity is known. By studying the effects, following administration by the most likely exposureroutes (ingestion or absorption through the skin), the relative hazards of different pathways of exposure canbe determined. Therefore, these studies identify highly toxic substances and provide information on thepossible hazards that may occur where terrestrial organisms are exposed.Ideally, acute toxicity data from both mammalian (oral and dermal tests) and avian sources (oral gavage orshort-term dietary tests) will be available for classification purposes, with classification based on the mostsensitive test result of either animal class.21.1.2. Chronic toxicityChronic exposure to the substance is examined to determine the relationship between repeatedadministered doses and the observed long-term adverse effect to establish the substance‘s toxicity relativeto other substances whose chronic toxicity is known. By studying the effects, following administration by themost likely exposure route (ingestion), the hazards can be determined. Therefore, these studies identifychronically toxic substances and provide information on the possible hazards that may occur whereterrestrial organisms are exposed.Conversion of data: Values expressed as no observable effect level, no observable adverse effectlevel, or no observable effect concentration rather than a maximum acceptable toxicantconcentrationThe maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) is the geometric mean of the no observed effectconcentration (NOEC) and lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) that are derived from the samestudy.Qualitative predictionAs the NOEC gives a conservative estimate of the MATC, if the NOEC for a substance does not triggerthe threshold, it can be assumed that the MATC will also not trigger the threshold.January 2012 EPA0109
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