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384User Guide for Thresholds and ClassificationsSijm, DTHM, van der Linde, A 1995. Size-dependent bioconcentration kinetics of hydrophobic organicchemicals in fish based on diffusive mass transfer and allometric relationships. Environmental Science andTechnology 29: 2769–2777.Sijm, DTHM, Pärt, P, Opperhuizen, A 1993. The influence of temperature on the uptake rate constants ofhydrophobic compounds determined by the isolated perfused gill of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)’.Aquatic Toxicology 25: 1–14.Spacie, A, Hamelink, JL 1982. Alternative models for describing the bioconcentration of organics in fish.Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 1: 309–320.Suzuki, T, Kudo, YJ 1990. Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 4: 155–198.Tolls, J 1998. Bioconcentration of surfactants, PhD thesis. Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.Tolls J, Sijm, DTHM 1993. Bioconcentration of Surfactants, RITOX, The Netherlands, Procter and GambleReport (M Stalmans (ed.))Van Den Berg, M, Van De Meet, D, Peijnenburg, WJGM, Sijm, DTHM, Struijs, J, Tas, JW 1995. Transport,accumulation and transformation processes. In: Risk Assessment of Chemicals: An Introduction.Wofford, HW, Wilsey, CD, Neff, GS, Giam, CS, Neff, JM 1981. Bioaccumulation and metabolism of phthalateesters by oysters, brown shrimp and sheepshead minnows. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 5: 202–210.January 2012 EPA0109
385User Guide for Thresholds and ClassificationsAppendix 19G: Globally Harmonized System of Classificationand Labelling of Chemicals – guidance on transformation anddissolution of metals and metal compounds in aqueous media19G.1 IntroductionThe full guidance document on the transformation and dissolution of metals and metal compounds inaqueous media series on testing and assessment is Guidance Document on Transformation/Dissolution ofMetals and Metal Compounds in Aqueous Media (OECD, 2001).19G.2 Test guidanceThis test guidance is designed to determine the rate and extent to which metals and sparingly soluble metalcompounds can produce soluble available ionic and other metal-bearing species in aqueous media under aset of standard laboratory conditions representative of those generally occurring in the environment. Oncedetermined, this information can be used to evaluate the short-term and long-term aquatic toxicity of themetal or sparingly soluble metal compound from which the soluble species came.This test guidance is the outcome of an international effort under the OECD to develop an approach for thetoxicity testing and data interpretation of metals and sparingly soluble inorganic metal compounds (SSIMs).As a result of recent meetings and discussions held within the OECD and European Union (EU), theexperimental work on several metals and metal compounds on which this test guidance is based has beenconducted and reported.The evaluation of the short-term and long-term aquatic toxicity of metals and sparingly soluble metalcompounds is to be accomplished by comparison of (a) the concentration of the metal ion in solution,produced during transformation or dissolution in a standard aqueous medium with (b) appropriate standardecotoxicity data as determined with the soluble metal salt (acute and chronic values).This document gives guidance for performing the transformation and dissolution tests. The strategy to derivean environmental hazard classification using the results of the transformation and dissolution protocol is notwithin the scope of this guidance document and can be found in Annex 9, section A9.7.For this test guidance, the transformations of metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds are, within thecontext of the test, defined and characterised as follows.Metals, M0, in their elemental state are not soluble in water but may transform to yield the available form.This means that a metal in the elemental state may react with the media to form soluble cationic oranionic products, and in the process the metal will oxidize, or transform, from the neutral or zerooxidation state to a higher one.In a simple metal compound, such as an oxide or sulphide, the metal already exists in an oxidised state,so that further metal oxidation is unlikely to occur when the compound is introduced into an aqueousmedium. However, while oxidisation state may not change, interaction with the media may yield moreJanuary 2012 EPA0109
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