The role of digital video media in second language listening ...

memory create ‘bottlenecks’ in the information processing system which themselvespromote comprehension failures.Comprehension of dynamic visual mediaAt present, it is unclear how audio and visual streams of information compete andcollaborate as learners attend to dynamic visual media (Schnotz, 1993; Wetzel et al.,1994). It is a recurrent finding in research, however, that information gained in thevisual channel is more likely to be remembered than information gained fromauditory input (Miller & Burton, 1994, p. 75). The finding is widely known as the“pictorial superiority effect” (Levie, 1987, p. 32). As Anderson (1995) explains,visual information may be held longer in memory “since visual informationnecessarily comes from our direct experience whereas linguistic information cancommunicate experiences we may never encounter” (p. 231). In Table 2-1, Kirby(1993) presents ways in which dual coded media may compete and collaborate.26