Chapter 2 - University of British Columbia

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2.1 Introduction Multiple mechanisms of gene disruption have been shown to be important in the development of cancer. Genetic alterations (mutations, changes in gene dosage, allele imbalance) and epigenetic alterations (changes in DNA methylation and histone modification states) are responsible for changing the expression of genes. High throughput approaches have afforded the ability to interrogate the genomic, epigenomic and gene expression (transcriptomic) profiles at unprecedented resolution [1-6]. However, a gene can be disrupted by one or by a combination of mechanisms, therefore, investigation in a single 'omics dimension (genomics, epigenomics, or transcriptomics) alone cannot detect all disrupted genes in a given tumor. Moreover, individual tumors may have different patterns of gene disruption, by different mechanisms for a given gene while achieving the same net effect on phenotype. Hence, a multi-dimensional approach is required to identify the causal events at the DNA level and understand their downstream consequences. The current state of software for global profile comparison typically focuses on analyzing and displaying data from a single dimension, for example CGH Fusion (infoQuant Ltd, London, UK) for DNA copy number profile analysis and GeneSpring (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) for gene expression profile analysis. Software for integrative analysis have been restricted to working with datasets derived from limited combination of technology platforms (Table 1) [7-10]. Though different software can analyze data generated from different platforms, the ability to perform meta-analysis using data from multiple microarray platforms is limited to a small number of software packages. Consequently, integrative analysis of cancer genomes typically involves no more than two types of data, most commonly the integration of gene dosage and gene expression data [11-16] and recently expanded to integrating allelic information [17]. Software to perform multi-dimensional analysis are therefore greatly in demand. 25
Here, we present SIGMA 2 , a novel software package which allows users to integrate data from the various 'omics disciplines such as genomics, epigenomics and transcriptomics. Multi- dimensional datasets can be simultaneously compared, analyzed and visualized with respect to individual dimensions, allowing combinatorial integration of the different assays belonging to the different 'omics. The identification of genes altered at multiple levels such as copy number, LOH, DNA methylation and the detection of consequential changes in gene expression can be concertedly performed, establishing SIGMA 2 as a tool to facilitate the high throughput systems biology analysis of cancer. SIGMA 2 is freely available for academic and research use from our website, http://www.flintbox.com/technology.asp?Page=3716. 2.2 Implementation SIGMA 2 is implemented in Java, and requires version 1.6+ of the runtime compiler. In addition, the statistical package R and database application MySQL are also required. The java interface communicates with MySQL using a JDBC connector and with R using the JRI package by JGR (Figure 2.1). MySQL is used for data storage and querying while R is used for the segmentation and statistical analysis. All genomic coordinate information was obtained from University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) genome databases [18]. 2.3 Results and discussion 2.3.1 Look and feel of SIGMA 2 The novel multi-dimensional ‘omics data analysis software SIGMA 2 is built on the framework of a facile visualization tool called SIGMA, which can display alignment of genomic data from a built-in static database [7]. The arsenal of functionalities introduced in SIGMA 2 is shown in Table 2.1. 26
Page 1 and 2: DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF AN I
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Abstract ........
Page 5 and 6: 3.3.2 Multi-dimensional analysis (M
Page 7 and 8: List of Tables Table 2.1. Features
Page 9 and 10: Figure 5.3. Overlay of chromosomal
Page 11 and 12: RB1 Retinoblastoma 1 RNA Ribonuclei
Page 13 and 14: Dedication To my family. xiii
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 5: Chari R, Thu KL, Wilson
Page 17 and 18: 1.1 Lung cancer Lung cancer has the
Page 19 and 20: expression changes are reactive to
Page 21 and 22: number of different cancer types. M
Page 23 and 24: large number of tumors, that a give
Page 25 and 26: (B) By using an integrative approac
Page 27 and 28: platforms, with one of the latest s
Page 29 and 30: 1.12.1 Development of tools for gen
Page 31 and 32: quantitative PCR experiments as wel
Page 33 and 34: 1.13 References 1. Jemal A, Siegel
Page 35 and 36: 33. Garber ME, Troyanskaya OG, Schl
Page 37 and 38: 71. Shivapurkar N, Gazdar AF: DNA M
Page 39: Chapter 2: SIGMA 2 : A system for t
Page 43 and 44: datasets. To utilize this, the user
Page 45 and 46: 2.3.7 Analysis of data from multipl
Page 47 and 48: expression (Figure 2.8). ERBB2 has
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.1 R -Segmentation -Statist
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.3 numSamples
Page 53 and 54: Figure 2.5. Consensus calling and h
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2.6 HCC2218 HCC2218 HCC2218B
Page 57 and 58: Figure 2.8. Multi-dimensional persp
Page 59 and 60: Table 2.1. Features required for in
Page 61 and 62: 2.6 References 1. Garnis C, Buys TP
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 3: An integrative multi-dim
Page 65 and 66: observed gene expression deregulati
Page 67 and 68: Raw gene expression profiles from a
Page 69 and 70: screening approach to gene amplific
Page 71 and 72: many regions of frequent LOH/AI do
Page 73 and 74: approach to examining the whole gen
Page 75 and 76: PTEN expression [44]. Using this pa
Page 77 and 78: mechanisms at the DNA and RNA level
Page 79 and 80: In this study, three DNA dimensions
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.2. Quantitative and qualit
Page 83 and 84: Figure 3.3 a Proportion of genes in
Page 85 and 86: 70 Figure 3.5 -log(pvalue) 5.0 4.0
Page 87 and 88: 72 Figure 3.7 Sample: HCC1008 Copy
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3.8 a b Proportion of random
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16. Chari R, Lockwood WW, Coe BP, C
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50. Giovane A, Pintzas A, Maira SM,
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4.1 Introduction Genetic alteration
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4.2.3 Determining frequent regions
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etween loss and UPD (Figure 4.3). S
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obtained, profiled and used as the
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Figure 4.1. Detection of UPD using
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Figure 4.2. Comparison of frequent
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Figure 4.3 Gain Loss 642 441 7 Figu
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94 Figure 4.4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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Figure 4.6 a b c Percent of cases A
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Figure 4.7 a b 6p25.3 Log2 fold cha
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Chr BPStart BPEnd # of Chr BPStart
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Table 4.3. Overlap of oncogenes in
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Table 4.5. Cell lines and oncogene
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Table 4.7. RefSeq genes in focal re
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4.6 References 1. Bell DW: Our chan
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33. Garnis C, Coe BP, Lam SL, MacAu
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5.1 Introduction In the past decade
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polymorphism (SNP) arrays with over
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substitutions) and UV exposure (C t
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developed antibodies and methylated
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Histone modification states. While
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metastasis [226]. High throughput a
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Implications on sample size require
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analyzed using the "minet" package
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expression. The next challenge is t
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Figure 5.2 # of copies Total copy n
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Figure 5.4. Integration of copy num
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Figure 5.5. Integration of copy num
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Figure 5.6 SHC1 GRB2 SOS2 RRAS ER R
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Figure 5.8 a Log2 Fold Change (T vs
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Figure 5.10 (a) (b) Figure 5.10. Au
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Table 5.2. List of genomic resource
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5.5 References 1. Pinkel D, Segrave
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37. Oliphant A, Barker DL, Stuelpna
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75. Selzer RR, Richmond TA, Pofahl
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111. Melcher R, Al-Taie O, Kudlich
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145. Takai D, Yagi Y, Wakazono K, O
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179. Kondo M, Suzuki H, Ueda R, Osa
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alterations in human prostate cance
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248. Xi L, Feber A, Gupta V, Wu M,
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281. Fernandez-Ranvier GG, Weng J,
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Chapter 6: Conclusions 162
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can identify nearly three times as
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was identified in a small set of sa
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will be done at the pathway level a
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previously described genetic and ep
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16. Zhang K, Li JB, Gao Y, Egli D,
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APPENDIX I: List of publications Th
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This publication is described in se
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This chapter details the technologi
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epigenetic alteration. This led to
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This manuscript describes the curre
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APPENDIX III: Sources of data Sampl
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APPENDIX V: Kaplan-Meier and Oncomi
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APPENDIX VI: Summary of Kaplan-Meie
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University of British Columbia - Br
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Chapter 2 - University of British Columbia

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