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Figure 5.1. Advances in cancer genomic landscape post Y2K. 2009 2007 2006 2005 2004 2002 DNA nanoballs sequencing technology [3] Breast, lung & skin cancer genomes sequen ced [4-6,11] Human met hylomes sequen ced [12] Acute myeloid leukemia genome sequen ced [13,14] International Cancer Genome Consortium initiated 1000 genomes p roject launched [15] Integrative study of glioblas toma [16] Genome RNAi database established [9,10] 2nd gene ration human haplo type map with >3M SN Ps [17] Next generation, massi vely parallel sequencing technolo gies Copy number variation maps [18,19] 5-Azacytidine re-expression of met hylated cancer genes [20] Exome sequencing mut ation detection [21] The RNAi Consortium (TRC) [22] Bead Arrays for bisulfite DNA methylation [23] NIH Cancer Genome Atlas (CGA) initiated Methylome map by MeDNA immunop recipitation [24] First human genome haplo type map [25] MicroRNA expression profiles classify can cers [26] Catalogue of som atic mutations in can cer (COSMIC) [27] Large scale RN Ai-based sc reens [28,29] Cancer Gene Census published [30] Large scale copy number variation in humans [31,32] Whole genome tiling p ath CGH microarrays [33] Tiling path analysis of human t ranscribed sequen ces [34] Cancer Biomedical Informatics Grid (caBIG) launched [8] The Ensembl genome d atabase project [35] The human genome b rowser at UCSC [36] BeadArray genotyping pl atforms [37] Concept of oncogene addi ction [38,39] First human genome sequen ces [40,41] CGAP launched [42,43] Figure 5.1. Advances in cancer genomic landscape post Y2K. The timeframe of events are estimated based on time of publication. 129
Figure 5.2 # of copies Total copy number 4 2 0 Allele speci�c copy number 3 # of copies 2 1 0 (a) # of copies # of copies 4 2 0 3 2 1 0 130 Total copy number Allele speci�c copy number Neutral (b) Gain (c) UPD Figure 5.2. SNP array analysis to identify areas of altered copy number and allelic composition in a clinical lung cancer specimen. Shown here are (a) a region that is copy neutral with no observed allelic imbalance and regions containing a (b) segmental gain and (c) UPD. Examining the allele specific copy number plot, the gain (in b) is likely a single copy change and the UPD event (in c) is signified by the shift in allele levels while maintaining total copy number neutral status.
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DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF AN I
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Table of Contents Abstract ........
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3.3.2 Multi-dimensional analysis (M
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List of Tables Table 2.1. Features
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Figure 5.3. Overlay of chromosomal
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RB1 Retinoblastoma 1 RNA Ribonuclei
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Dedication To my family. xiii
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Chapter 5: Chari R, Thu KL, Wilson
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1.1 Lung cancer Lung cancer has the
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expression changes are reactive to
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number of different cancer types. M
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large number of tumors, that a give
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(B) By using an integrative approac
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platforms, with one of the latest s
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1.12.1 Development of tools for gen
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quantitative PCR experiments as wel
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1.13 References 1. Jemal A, Siegel
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33. Garber ME, Troyanskaya OG, Schl
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71. Shivapurkar N, Gazdar AF: DNA M
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Chapter 2: SIGMA 2 : A system for t
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Here, we present SIGMA 2 , a novel
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datasets. To utilize this, the user
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2.3.7 Analysis of data from multipl
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expression (Figure 2.8). ERBB2 has
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Figure 2.1 R -Segmentation -Statist
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Figure 2.3 numSamples
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Figure 2.5. Consensus calling and h
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Figure 2.6 HCC2218 HCC2218 HCC2218B
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Figure 2.8. Multi-dimensional persp
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Table 2.1. Features required for in
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2.6 References 1. Garnis C, Buys TP
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Chapter 3: An integrative multi-dim
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observed gene expression deregulati
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Raw gene expression profiles from a
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screening approach to gene amplific
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many regions of frequent LOH/AI do
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approach to examining the whole gen
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PTEN expression [44]. Using this pa
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mechanisms at the DNA and RNA level
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In this study, three DNA dimensions
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Figure 3.2. Quantitative and qualit
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Figure 3.3 a Proportion of genes in
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70 Figure 3.5 -log(pvalue) 5.0 4.0
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72 Figure 3.7 Sample: HCC1008 Copy
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Figure 3.8 a b Proportion of random
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16. Chari R, Lockwood WW, Coe BP, C
Page 93 and 94: 50. Giovane A, Pintzas A, Maira SM,
Page 95 and 96: 4.1 Introduction Genetic alteration
Page 97 and 98: 4.2.3 Determining frequent regions
Page 99 and 100: etween loss and UPD (Figure 4.3). S
Page 101 and 102: obtained, profiled and used as the
Page 103 and 104: Figure 4.1. Detection of UPD using
Page 105 and 106: Figure 4.2. Comparison of frequent
Page 107 and 108: Figure 4.3 Gain Loss 642 441 7 Figu
Page 109 and 110: 94 Figure 4.4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Page 111 and 112: Figure 4.6 a b c Percent of cases A
Page 113 and 114: Figure 4.7 a b 6p25.3 Log2 fold cha
Page 115 and 116: Chr BPStart BPEnd # of Chr BPStart
Page 117 and 118: Table 4.3. Overlap of oncogenes in
Page 119 and 120: Table 4.5. Cell lines and oncogene
Page 121 and 122: Table 4.7. RefSeq genes in focal re
Page 123 and 124: 4.6 References 1. Bell DW: Our chan
Page 125 and 126: 33. Garnis C, Coe BP, Lam SL, MacAu
Page 127 and 128: 5.1 Introduction In the past decade
Page 129 and 130: polymorphism (SNP) arrays with over
Page 131 and 132: substitutions) and UV exposure (C t
Page 133 and 134: developed antibodies and methylated
Page 135 and 136: Histone modification states. While
Page 137 and 138: metastasis [226]. High throughput a
Page 139 and 140: Implications on sample size require
Page 141 and 142: analyzed using the "minet" package
Page 143: expression. The next challenge is t
Page 147 and 148: Figure 5.4. Integration of copy num
Page 149 and 150: Figure 5.5. Integration of copy num
Page 151 and 152: Figure 5.6 SHC1 GRB2 SOS2 RRAS ER R
Page 153 and 154: Figure 5.8 a Log2 Fold Change (T vs
Page 155 and 156: Figure 5.10 (a) (b) Figure 5.10. Au
Page 157 and 158: Table 5.2. List of genomic resource
Page 159 and 160: 5.5 References 1. Pinkel D, Segrave
Page 161 and 162: 37. Oliphant A, Barker DL, Stuelpna
Page 163 and 164: 75. Selzer RR, Richmond TA, Pofahl
Page 165 and 166: 111. Melcher R, Al-Taie O, Kudlich
Page 167 and 168: 145. Takai D, Yagi Y, Wakazono K, O
Page 169 and 170: 179. Kondo M, Suzuki H, Ueda R, Osa
Page 171 and 172: alterations in human prostate cance
Page 173 and 174: 248. Xi L, Feber A, Gupta V, Wu M,
Page 175 and 176: 281. Fernandez-Ranvier GG, Weng J,
Page 177 and 178: Chapter 6: Conclusions 162
Page 179 and 180: can identify nearly three times as
Page 181 and 182: was identified in a small set of sa
Page 183 and 184: will be done at the pathway level a
Page 185 and 186: previously described genetic and ep
Page 187 and 188: 16. Zhang K, Li JB, Gao Y, Egli D,
Page 189 and 190: APPENDIX I: List of publications Th
Page 191 and 192: This publication is described in se
Page 193 and 194: This chapter details the technologi
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epigenetic alteration. This led to
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This manuscript describes the curre
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APPENDIX III: Sources of data Sampl
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APPENDIX V: Kaplan-Meier and Oncomi
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APPENDIX VI: Summary of Kaplan-Meie
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University of British Columbia - Br
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