Book - School of Science and Technology

716 IndexPharmaceuticalcleanrooms 433Phon (sound intensity) 461Phosphoric acid fuel cells(PAFC) 700PI see Proportional plus integralPID see Proportional plus integralplus derivativePipe coils 185±6, 185Pipe stressing software 257Pipe-in-pipe systems 175, 175Pipeworkarrangements 614±19combined heat/powersystems 696combined radiant/convectiveheating 187constraints 232distribution systems 171±5heat emission 168±71heat storage 264hot water systems 595±6insulation 172liquefied petroleum gas 312±13losses 563±4natural gas 310±11refrigeration 546±7selection 232±55steam heating 163±5thermal conductivity 172thermal insulation 169±71water heating 151±8see also Water pipeworkPipework designexpansion 255±9hot water supply598±619indirect heating 232±59mains losses 242±3outflow 604, 605±6secondaryreturns 609±10steam systems 251±5thermal expansion 255±9water systems 232±51Pipework sizescondensates 254±5, 255copper 235, 612draw-off points 602primarydesign 599saturated steam 253steam systems 251±5, 252±5steel 234, 253water 234±9, 234±8, 240Piston compressors 538, 538Pitot tubes 471, 471Plantcomponents 452connections 443±4duties 523, 524noises 465rooms 696size 63±4Plaster radiant ceilingheating 182, 183Plate-type heat exchangers218±19, 506±7Plate-type water heaters 583±4Plenumchambers 136, 421heating 165±8, 168ventilation 369Pneumaticcontrol systems 622, 624solid fuel conveyors 299valves 629±30, 629Pollutionair 484±5, 485comfort criteria 7±9, 8indoor 398ventilation rates 342±3Polypropylene 441Polyvinylchloride (PVC) 606±7Port valves 630, 632±3Positive displacement meters 309Positive displacement pumps 203Pour points 301Powercalorifiers 584cooling towers 553±4fans 474±5, 482mechanical ventilation 673storage heaters 142±3variable volume fans 482Preheat capacity62±3, 62Present value (PV) 683±4Pressed steel radiators 188±91Pressure 212±16atomisation 2823condition 247difference 47distribution 447±57drop 252±4, 253±4ducting systems 454enthalpydiagrams 531±2, 532expansion 212±13, 213gases 214±16, 215gauges 473head of water 604jets 283±4, 284pumps 213±14, 214, 215reducing set 223±4, 224±5reduction 162±3, 223±5sensors 627steam properties 160storage heaters 570±2thrust 257units 2water heaters 148±9, 151Pressure losseschimneydesign 325oil distribution 308secondarycirculation 613water systems 236, 237±9Preventative maintenance680Primaryenergyconsumption 68,69, 661±2Primarypipework598±600, 599Prior, M. J. 12Process equipment (heatgains) 91±2, 92Propeller fans 476Proportional controllers636, 637Proportional full-loadoperation 665Proportional plus integral (PI)controllers 638±9, 638Proportional plus integral plusderivative (PID)controllers 639Proton exchange membranes(PEM) 699±700Proximate analysis 318Psychrometry 14±15, 515±18,523Puddling 270Pumps 203±12centrifugal 203±10, 204±10construction 211discharges 254±5liquid fuels 307±8, 308mountings 211±12pressurisation 213±14, 214speed control 211Punkah louvres 422, 423Purge sectors 508Purity(air) 7±9, 8, 348±9PV see Present valuePVC see PolyvinylchlorideQuarl 284Quartz lamp heaters 107, 109Radiant heaters 177±87, 201ceiling 181±4, 181±4convective combined 187±94direct systems 100±3, 107±11embedded floor panels 184±8gaseous fuels 102±3, 102±3temperaturerelationships 53Radiant panels 178±80, 403±4Radiant strip heating 180±3Radiation 6, 72±3, 177Radiatorscombined radiant/convectiveheating 187±95electrical 111gravitywater units 250±1Radius bends 442, 442