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Period of use 671Table 23.9 (a) Heating systems (%)IntermittentContinuousSystem descriptionHeatconversionefficiencyUtilisationefficiencySeasonalefficiencyHeatconversionefficiencyUtilisationefficiencySeasonalefficiencyAutomatic centralradiator orconvector systems 65 97 63 70 100 70Automatic centralwarm air systems 65 93 60 70 100 70Fan assistedelectric off-peak heaters 100 90 90Direct electric floorand ceiling systems,non-storage 100 95 95 100 95 95District heatingwarm airradiators/convectors75 90 67.575 100 75Electric storageradiators 100 75 75Electric floorstorage systems 100 70 70NotesAllow for rekindling on intermittent solid fuel plant.Allow for fuel oil preheating where required.(b) Hot water systems (%)System descriptionHeatconversionefficiencyUtilisationefficiencySeasonalefficiencyGas circulator/storage cylinder a 65 80 52Gas and oil fired boiler/storage cylinder a 70 80 56Off-peak electric storage with cylinderand immersion heater 100 80 80Instantaneous gas multi-point heater 65 95 62District heating with local calorifier a,b 75 80 60District heating with central calorifiersand distribution a,b 75 75 56a Make separate allowance for mains losses.b Heat conversion efficiency in summer may reduce depending on sizing of heat generators.
672 Running costsRunning hours for the auxiliaries will be greater than those of boiler output but even ifthe total were to be half as much again, the consumption noted above would representonly about 1% of the overall energy input. In the case of solid fuel firing, the same orderof power consumption for auxiliaries would apply but for gas firing, using a packagedburner with an associated pressure booster, the power consumed would be only about athird of that amount.Similarly, the current used for driving circulating pumps, etc., is of relatively smallmagnitude and indeed most of the energy paid for emerges as heat somewhere in thesystem and so is not altogether lost. A boiler plant of 1 MW capacity would probably beassociated with a heating system requiring pumping power of the order of 2 or 3 kW,running continuously throughout the season and thus perhaps equivalent to another 1%of the overall energy input.As a very broad approximation, pending a proper calculation from manufacturers'ratings of the various drives, etc., an allowance for a power consumption equivalent to5% of the overall energy input as fuel should cover all auxiliary equipment.Direct heating systemsFor direct systems of convective type, methods similar to those used for calculation ofenergy consumption in central plants may be used, using appropriate values from Table23.9, provided that equivalent arrangements for thermostatic and time switch control areprovided. If the system were to be of radiant type, a true comparison must be based uponequation of demand to maintenance of dry resultant temperature. An estimate may thenbe made of running cost taking the time when the heaters are likely to be in use andmultiplying this by their rated capacity. There is often no true temperature control, in theaccepted sense, provided for such systems, and data from comparable installations areprobably the best guide.Mechanically ventilated buildingsEssentially, the thermal energy requirements for mechanically ventilated buildings may betaken to be the same as for the equivalent heated and naturally ventilated spaces, withlimited correction and with some additions. It is assumed that no cooling or humidificationis to be provided.Heat requirementsThe following items should be considered in turn:. Reduction in air infiltration rate, possibly due to sealed windows.. Additional load due to ventilation air, i.e. the quantity of outside air introduced by theventilation system.. Reduction in load due to incidental gain to the air from the fan (fan gain).. Allowance for the benefit arising from the use of any heat recovery device.. Correction to the effective length of the heating season.The first two items above will be self-explanatory.
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Faber and Kell's Heating andAir-con
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Faber and Kell's Heating andAir-con
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viiiContentsOther systems 396Altern
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xiiPreface to the ninth editionadvi
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2 FundamentalsBefore any part of th
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4 FundamentalsSpecific heat capacit
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6 Fundamentalsas insulators have a
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8 FundamentalsTable 1.4 Examples of
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10 FundamentalsIt has been suggeste
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12 FundamentalsTable 1.7 Wind-chill
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14 Fundamentalsthermometer, used fo
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16 Fundamentalsmeasure them, applic
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18 FundamentalsInletventilationTher
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20 The building in wintercoincide a
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22 The building in winter20GlassTem
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24 The building in winterFor the in
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26 The building in winterTable 2.2
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28 The building in winter4.0Plan8.5
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30 The building in wintermost commo
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32 The building in winterExposed el
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34 The building in winterFigure 2.4
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38 The building in winterInsulation
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40 The building in winterSurfaceAre
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42 The building in winterFrom Table
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44 The building in winterTemperatur
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46 The building in winterThe import
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50 The building in winterIntermedia
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52 The building in winterInside tem
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54 The building in winterDesigntemp
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56 The building in winterFrom earli
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60 The building in winterTemperatur
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62 The building in winterfollowing
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64 The building in winterIt has bee
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Chapter 3The building in summerThe
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68 The building in summerfrom simpl
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18070 The building in summerinforma
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72 The building in summerIncidence
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74 The building in summertime of pe
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76 The building in summerTable 3.2
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84 The building in summerFigure 3.9
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86 The building in summerAB B C a1
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88 The building in summerConduction
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92 The building in summerLossesMoto
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94 The building in summer(a)(b)Figu
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Chapter 4Survey of heating methodsH
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98 Survey of heating methodsTable 4
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100 Survey of heating methodsIndust
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102 Survey of heating methodsRadian
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104 Survey of heating methodsHeatex
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106 Survey of heating methodsReturn
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108 Survey of heating methodsReflec
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110 Survey of heating methodsCerami
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112 Survey of heating methodsTubula
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114 Survey of heating methodsthey a
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116 Survey of heating methodsFactor
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118 Survey of heating methodsrelian
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Chapter 5Electrical storage heating
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122 Electrical storage heatingTable
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124 Electrical storage heatingR 3
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126 Electrical storage heatingAs wi
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128 Electrical storage heatingWet c
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130 Electrical storage heatingStora
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132 Electrical storage heatingCasin
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134 Electrical storage heatingFinis
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136 Electrical storage heatingTable
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138 Electrical storage heatingVentI
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140 Electrical storage heatingUtili
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142 Electrical storage heatingExpan
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Chapter 6Indirect heating systemsIt
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146 Indirect heating systemsTable 6
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148 Indirect heating systemsin cont
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150 Indirect heating systemsHGIDEAC
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152 Indirect heating systemsLow tem
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154 Indirect heating systemsColdwat
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156 Indirect heating systemsRadiato
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158 Indirect heating systemsRadiato
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160 Indirect heating systemsCondens
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162 Indirect heating systems200800T
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164 Indirect heating systemssuccinc
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166 Indirect heating systemsTable 6
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168 Indirect heating systemsHigh ve
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170 Indirect heating systemsAs will
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172 Indirect heating systems0.080.0
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174 Indirect heating systems(a)(b)(
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Chapter 7Heat emitting equipmentWit
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178 Heat emitting equipmentTable 7.
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180 Heat emitting equipmentRadiant
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182 Heat emitting equipmentHeated g
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184 Heat emitting equipmentHangerIn
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186 Heat emitting equipmentpipes: e
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188 Heat emitting equipmentOpen fro
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190 Heat emitting equipment(a)(b)(d
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192 Heat emitting equipmentTable 7.
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194 Heat emitting equipmentConvecti
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196 Heat emitting equipmentDamperOu
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198 Heat emitting equipmentFilterOu
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200 Heat emitting equipmentSwivelno
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202 Heat emitting equipmentcovered
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204 Pumps and other auxiliary equip
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Chapter 9Piping design for indirect
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234 Piping design for indirect heat
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Chapter 10Boilers and firing equipm
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262 Boilers and firing equipmentcom
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264 Boilers and firing equipmentEss
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266 Boilers and firing equipment100
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268 Boilers and firing equipmentAs
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270 Boilers and firing equipmentFlu
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272 Boilers and firing equipmentFlo
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274 Boilers and firing equipmentFig
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276 Boilers and firing equipmentof
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278 Boilers and firing equipment. a
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280 Boilers and firing equipmentIt
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282 Boilers and firing equipmentFue
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284 Boilers and firing equipmentNoz
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286 Boilers and firing equipmentof
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288 Boilers and firing equipmentNea
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290 Boilers and firing equipmentpor
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292 Boilers and firing equipmentSaf
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294 Boilers and firing equipmentIgn
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Chapter 11Fuels, storage and handli
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298 Fuels, storage and handlingvehi
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300 Fuels, storage and handlingRese
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302 Fuels, storage and handlingtank
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304 Fuels, storage and handlingTank
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306 Fuels, storage and handlingabcd
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308 Fuels, storage and handlingTabl
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314 Fuels, storage and handlingstor
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318 Combustion and chimneysTable 12
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320 Combustion and chimneysTable 12
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322 Combustion and chimneysHence, b
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324 Combustion and chimneys. The te
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326 Combustion and chimneys. Draugh
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328 Combustion and chimneysClean Ai
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330 Combustion and chimneysMechanic
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332 Combustion and chimneysFire bri
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334 Combustion and chimneysMaterial
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336 Combustion and chimneysCombusti
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338 Combustion and chimneysFlueterm
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Chapter 13VentilationThe act or art
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342 VentilationTable 13.1 Ventilati
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344 Ventilationnormal circumstance
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346 Ventilationof air which could b
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348 Ventilationsimilar plant. This
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350 VentilationFlueCrackleaksInduce
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352 VentilationCapSuction bandLouvr
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354 VentilationTable 13.6 Air volum
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356 VentilationCowlBelt driveHinged
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358 VentilationTo fans at roof leve
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360 Ventilationboiler plant in wint
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Dining hall362 VentilationCafeteria
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364 Ventilationthis arrangement, as
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366 Ventilationbe noted that, as a
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368 VentilationTable 13.9 Air veloc
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370 Ventilationvelocity. An increas
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372 VentilationLastly under this he
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374 Air-conditioningBecause refurbi
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376 Air-conditioningThe installatio
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378 Air-conditioningThe type of sys
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380 Air-conditioningAn extension of
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382 Air-conditioningZone unitsSuppl
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384 Air-conditioningSupply airOptio
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386 Air-conditioningoutput of the c
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388 Air-conditioningDischargeto spa
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390 Air-conditioningAirdischargeExt
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392 Air-conditioningin the wall in
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394 Air-conditioningPrimaryair2 Pip
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396 Air-conditioningThe induction s
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398 Air-conditioningsensor as an en
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400 Air-conditioningfan-coil system
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402 Air-conditioningVariable refrig
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404 Air-conditioningChilled water P
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406 Air-conditioningAir supply to h
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408 Air-conditioningTable 14.1 Fact
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410 Air distributionUpward systemTh
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412 Air distributionInlet at 50ºCm
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414 Air distributionExtract airSupp
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416 Air distributioninlet is at a h
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418 Air distribution(a)(b)Figure 15
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420 Air distributionconnections to
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422 Air distributionOpposed bladesD
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424 Air distributionVelocity profil
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426 Air distributionAir supplyPerfo
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428 Air distributionair temperature
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430 Air distributionTable 15.4 Typi
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432 Air distributionFrameSpring cli
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434 Air distributionenergy consumpt
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Chapter 16Ductwork designHaving dec
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438 Ductwork designthe duct with no
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440 Ductwork designFlat ovalStandar
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442 Ductwork designconstruction met
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444 Ductwork designDuctlengthDDRDDu
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446 Ductwork design6mm Plate damper
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448 Ductwork design+Pressure0Veloci
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450 Ductwork designatmospheric pres
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452 Ductwork designTable 16.2 Corre
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454 Ductwork design. Any allowances
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456 Ductwork designBy these means,
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458 Ductwork designTable 16.7 Minim
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460 Ductwork designxAmplitudeyFigur
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462 Ductwork designNoise criteriaIt
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464 Ductwork designL w ˆ 10 ‡ 10
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466 Ductwork design3 64Plant527 8 3
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468 Ductwork designwhereD ˆ perime
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470 Ductwork designArrows show dire
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472 Ductwork designALNORAJAFLOW(a)(
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Chapter 17Fans and air treatment eq
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476 Fans and air treatment equipmen
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PressurePowerPowerPressure482 Fans
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Chapter 18Calculations for air-cond
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Figure 18.1 Psychrometric chart (as
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518 Calculations for air-conditioni
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20mFoyer520 Calculations for air-co
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Chapter 19Refrigeration: water chil
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Absolute pressure MPa532 Refrigerat
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534 Refrigeration: water chillers a
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564 Hot water supply systemsObvious
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566 Hot water supply systemswith a
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568 Hot water supply systemswhich i
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600m m M in570 Hot water supply sys
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572 Hot water supply systemsThe meg
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574 Hot water supply systemsVentDra
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576 Hot water supply systemsPrimary
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578 Hot water supply systemsCistern
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580 Hot water supply systemsFor use
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582 Hot water supply systemsSteam-t
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584 Hot water supply systemsThe hea
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586 Hot water supply systemsTable 2
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588 Hot water supply systemsStorage
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590 Hot water supply systemsStorage
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592 Hot water supply systemsadequat
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594 Hot water supply systemsA compl
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596 Hot water supply systemsInsulat
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Chapter 21Piping design for central
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600 Piping design for central hot w
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Water flow rate in energy units kW/
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Page 637 and 638: Chapter 22Automatic controls and bu
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Page 677 and 678: 660 Running costsPence per kWh4.03.
Page 679 and 680: 662 Running costsAfter allowance ha
Page 681 and 682: 664 Running costsTable 23.3 Part L
Page 683 and 684: 666 Running costsTable 23.4 Degree-
Page 685 and 686: 668 Running costsTable 23.5 Approxi
Page 687: 670 Running costsaddition, consider
Page 691 and 692: 674 Running costs20%. The variables
Page 693 and 694: Air temperature (ºC)Mass flow rate
Page 695 and 696: 678 Running costsEnergy auditsAn en
Page 697 and 698: 680 Running costs. Preventative. Pl
Page 699 and 700: 682 Running costsTable 23.14 Econom
Page 701 and 702: 3Oil consumption(litre / month x 10
Page 703 and 704: 686 Running costsTable 23.15 Presen
Page 705 and 706: Chapter 24Combined heat and power (
Page 707 and 708: 690 Combined heat and power (CHP)Fi
Page 715 and 716: 698 Combined heat and power (CHP)to
Page 717 and 718: 700 Combined heat and power (CHP)we
Page 719 and 720: Appendix ITemperature levelsDegrees
Page 721 and 722: Appendix IIIConversion factorsImper
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Page 725 and 726: 708 IndexAuxiliaryequipment (costs)
Page 727 and 728: 710 Indexdegree-hour 676heat pumps
Page 729 and 730: 712 Indexcleaning 489±93, 489±93d
Page 731 and 732: 714 IndexIndirect hot water supplys
Page 733 and 734: 716 IndexPharmaceuticalcleanrooms 4
Page 735 and 736: 718 IndexSol-air temperatures 12sol
Page 737: 720 Indexextract grilles 430±1indu
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