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Ductwork components and auxiliaries 443Shoe Angled BellmouthFigure 16.7 Typical ductwork branch connections15ºMax30ºMax15ºMaxConcentric Eccentric With splittersFigure 16.8 Typical ductwork expansion and contraction sectionsduct contractions the angle of taper is less critical, but 40 should be considered a limit forgood design.Fan and plant connectionsCatalogue fan performance figures will not be obtained in practice if the inlet air stream isother than uniform and without turbulence. At the fan discharge, all transitions should begradual, and bends closer than three duct diameters should be arranged to turn in such amanner that the velocity profile from the fan is maintained. Air flow upstream of plantitems such as filters, humidifiers, heating and cooling coils must be uniform across thewhole cross-section of the equipment, otherwise performance will be reduced to below therated duty.There are too many possible combinations of duct configuration to show here, andreference should be made to CIBSE TM 8.Data have been established to enable the reduction in fan performance arising frompoor intake or discharge ductwork configurations to be calculated. This is expressed as anadditional system resistance to be added to the ductwork and component pressure lossand is termed system effect.system effect (Pa) ˆ system effect factor velocity pressure at the fan intake ordischarge (Pa)Some typical system effect factors are given in Figure 16.9.
444 Ductwork designDuctlengthDDRDDuct length0 2D 5DCentralsplitterSharp 90° bend3.0 2.0 1.0With central splitterWithout central splitter0.41.4DuctlengthSuction box at fan inletREasy 90° bend0.50.751.02.03.02.51.61.21.00.81.61.00.70.60.50.80.50.350.350.3N 2N ND DIADuctlengthN = Distance betweenthe inlet and the wallREasy 90° bend with splitters0.51.02.00.80.60.30.50.350.250.30.20.150.75 x D0.5 x D0.4 x D0.3 x D0.2 x D0.250.40.60.81.2Upstream bendsFan inlet factorsFree inlet in limited spaceA B C (Area)XX = 12%25%50%C/B = 1.52.02.53.00.70.350.150.60.91.21.4Restricted straight lengthDischarge into plenumNWEBend0%L12%25%50%InletXSSENW1.62.02.82.51.41.62.32.01.01.21.81.4Notes1. L = 2.5 x Fan diameter2. X = Duct length as percentage of L3. Factors based on A/B = 0.60.40.60.80.73.3 x Nominaldamper pressuredropBendsDamperFan discharge factorsFigure 16.9 System effect factors
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Faber and Kell's Heating andAir-con
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Faber and Kell's Heating andAir-con
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viiiContentsOther systems 396Altern
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xiiPreface to the ninth editionadvi
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2 FundamentalsBefore any part of th
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4 FundamentalsSpecific heat capacit
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6 Fundamentalsas insulators have a
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8 FundamentalsTable 1.4 Examples of
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10 FundamentalsIt has been suggeste
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12 FundamentalsTable 1.7 Wind-chill
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14 Fundamentalsthermometer, used fo
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16 Fundamentalsmeasure them, applic
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18 FundamentalsInletventilationTher
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20 The building in wintercoincide a
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22 The building in winter20GlassTem
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24 The building in winterFor the in
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26 The building in winterTable 2.2
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28 The building in winter4.0Plan8.5
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30 The building in wintermost commo
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32 The building in winterExposed el
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34 The building in winterFigure 2.4
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38 The building in winterInsulation
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40 The building in winterSurfaceAre
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42 The building in winterFrom Table
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44 The building in winterTemperatur
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46 The building in winterThe import
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50 The building in winterIntermedia
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52 The building in winterInside tem
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54 The building in winterDesigntemp
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56 The building in winterFrom earli
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60 The building in winterTemperatur
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62 The building in winterfollowing
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64 The building in winterIt has bee
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Chapter 3The building in summerThe
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68 The building in summerfrom simpl
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18070 The building in summerinforma
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72 The building in summerIncidence
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74 The building in summertime of pe
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76 The building in summerTable 3.2
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84 The building in summerFigure 3.9
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86 The building in summerAB B C a1
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88 The building in summerConduction
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92 The building in summerLossesMoto
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94 The building in summer(a)(b)Figu
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Chapter 4Survey of heating methodsH
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98 Survey of heating methodsTable 4
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100 Survey of heating methodsIndust
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102 Survey of heating methodsRadian
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104 Survey of heating methodsHeatex
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106 Survey of heating methodsReturn
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108 Survey of heating methodsReflec
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110 Survey of heating methodsCerami
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112 Survey of heating methodsTubula
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114 Survey of heating methodsthey a
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116 Survey of heating methodsFactor
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118 Survey of heating methodsrelian
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Chapter 5Electrical storage heating
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122 Electrical storage heatingTable
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124 Electrical storage heatingR 3
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126 Electrical storage heatingAs wi
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128 Electrical storage heatingWet c
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130 Electrical storage heatingStora
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132 Electrical storage heatingCasin
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134 Electrical storage heatingFinis
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136 Electrical storage heatingTable
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138 Electrical storage heatingVentI
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140 Electrical storage heatingUtili
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142 Electrical storage heatingExpan
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Chapter 6Indirect heating systemsIt
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146 Indirect heating systemsTable 6
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148 Indirect heating systemsin cont
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150 Indirect heating systemsHGIDEAC
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152 Indirect heating systemsLow tem
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154 Indirect heating systemsColdwat
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156 Indirect heating systemsRadiato
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158 Indirect heating systemsRadiato
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160 Indirect heating systemsCondens
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162 Indirect heating systems200800T
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164 Indirect heating systemssuccinc
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166 Indirect heating systemsTable 6
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168 Indirect heating systemsHigh ve
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170 Indirect heating systemsAs will
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172 Indirect heating systems0.080.0
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174 Indirect heating systems(a)(b)(
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Chapter 7Heat emitting equipmentWit
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178 Heat emitting equipmentTable 7.
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180 Heat emitting equipmentRadiant
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182 Heat emitting equipmentHeated g
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184 Heat emitting equipmentHangerIn
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186 Heat emitting equipmentpipes: e
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188 Heat emitting equipmentOpen fro
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190 Heat emitting equipment(a)(b)(d
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192 Heat emitting equipmentTable 7.
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194 Heat emitting equipmentConvecti
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196 Heat emitting equipmentDamperOu
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198 Heat emitting equipmentFilterOu
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200 Heat emitting equipmentSwivelno
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202 Heat emitting equipmentcovered
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204 Pumps and other auxiliary equip
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Chapter 9Piping design for indirect
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234 Piping design for indirect heat
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Chapter 10Boilers and firing equipm
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262 Boilers and firing equipmentcom
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264 Boilers and firing equipmentEss
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266 Boilers and firing equipment100
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268 Boilers and firing equipmentAs
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270 Boilers and firing equipmentFlu
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272 Boilers and firing equipmentFlo
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274 Boilers and firing equipmentFig
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276 Boilers and firing equipmentof
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278 Boilers and firing equipment. a
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280 Boilers and firing equipmentIt
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282 Boilers and firing equipmentFue
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284 Boilers and firing equipmentNoz
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286 Boilers and firing equipmentof
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288 Boilers and firing equipmentNea
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290 Boilers and firing equipmentpor
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292 Boilers and firing equipmentSaf
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294 Boilers and firing equipmentIgn
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Chapter 11Fuels, storage and handli
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298 Fuels, storage and handlingvehi
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300 Fuels, storage and handlingRese
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302 Fuels, storage and handlingtank
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304 Fuels, storage and handlingTank
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306 Fuels, storage and handlingabcd
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308 Fuels, storage and handlingTabl
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314 Fuels, storage and handlingstor
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318 Combustion and chimneysTable 12
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320 Combustion and chimneysTable 12
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322 Combustion and chimneysHence, b
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324 Combustion and chimneys. The te
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326 Combustion and chimneys. Draugh
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328 Combustion and chimneysClean Ai
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330 Combustion and chimneysMechanic
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332 Combustion and chimneysFire bri
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334 Combustion and chimneysMaterial
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336 Combustion and chimneysCombusti
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338 Combustion and chimneysFlueterm
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Chapter 13VentilationThe act or art
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342 VentilationTable 13.1 Ventilati
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344 Ventilationnormal circumstance
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346 Ventilationof air which could b
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348 Ventilationsimilar plant. This
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350 VentilationFlueCrackleaksInduce
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352 VentilationCapSuction bandLouvr
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354 VentilationTable 13.6 Air volum
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356 VentilationCowlBelt driveHinged
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358 VentilationTo fans at roof leve
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360 Ventilationboiler plant in wint
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Dining hall362 VentilationCafeteria
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364 Ventilationthis arrangement, as
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366 Ventilationbe noted that, as a
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368 VentilationTable 13.9 Air veloc
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370 Ventilationvelocity. An increas
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372 VentilationLastly under this he
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374 Air-conditioningBecause refurbi
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376 Air-conditioningThe installatio
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378 Air-conditioningThe type of sys
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380 Air-conditioningAn extension of
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382 Air-conditioningZone unitsSuppl
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384 Air-conditioningSupply airOptio
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386 Air-conditioningoutput of the c
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388 Air-conditioningDischargeto spa
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390 Air-conditioningAirdischargeExt
Page 409 and 410: 392 Air-conditioningin the wall in
Page 411 and 412: 394 Air-conditioningPrimaryair2 Pip
Page 413 and 414: 396 Air-conditioningThe induction s
Page 415 and 416: 398 Air-conditioningsensor as an en
Page 417 and 418: 400 Air-conditioningfan-coil system
Page 419 and 420: 402 Air-conditioningVariable refrig
Page 421 and 422: 404 Air-conditioningChilled water P
Page 423 and 424: 406 Air-conditioningAir supply to h
Page 425 and 426: 408 Air-conditioningTable 14.1 Fact
Page 427 and 428: 410 Air distributionUpward systemTh
Page 429 and 430: 412 Air distributionInlet at 50ºCm
Page 431 and 432: 414 Air distributionExtract airSupp
Page 433 and 434: 416 Air distributioninlet is at a h
Page 435 and 436: 418 Air distribution(a)(b)Figure 15
Page 437 and 438: 420 Air distributionconnections to
Page 439 and 440: 422 Air distributionOpposed bladesD
Page 441 and 442: 424 Air distributionVelocity profil
Page 443 and 444: 426 Air distributionAir supplyPerfo
Page 445 and 446: 428 Air distributionair temperature
Page 447 and 448: 430 Air distributionTable 15.4 Typi
Page 449 and 450: 432 Air distributionFrameSpring cli
Page 451 and 452: 434 Air distributionenergy consumpt
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Page 455 and 456: 438 Ductwork designthe duct with no
Page 457 and 458: 440 Ductwork designFlat ovalStandar
Page 459: 442 Ductwork designconstruction met
Page 463 and 464: 446 Ductwork design6mm Plate damper
Page 465 and 466: 448 Ductwork design+Pressure0Veloci
Page 467 and 468: 450 Ductwork designatmospheric pres
Page 469 and 470: 452 Ductwork designTable 16.2 Corre
Page 471 and 472: 454 Ductwork design. Any allowances
Page 473 and 474: 456 Ductwork designBy these means,
Page 475 and 476: 458 Ductwork designTable 16.7 Minim
Page 477 and 478: 460 Ductwork designxAmplitudeyFigur
Page 479 and 480: 462 Ductwork designNoise criteriaIt
Page 481 and 482: 464 Ductwork designL w ˆ 10 ‡ 10
Page 483 and 484: 466 Ductwork design3 64Plant527 8 3
Page 485 and 486: 468 Ductwork designwhereD ˆ perime
Page 487 and 488: 470 Ductwork designArrows show dire
Page 489 and 490: 472 Ductwork designALNORAJAFLOW(a)(
Page 491 and 492: Chapter 17Fans and air treatment eq
Page 493 and 494: 476 Fans and air treatment equipmen
Page 499 and 500: PressurePowerPowerPressure482 Fans
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494 Fans and air treatment equipmen
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Chapter 18Calculations for air-cond
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Figure 18.1 Psychrometric chart (as
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518 Calculations for air-conditioni
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20mFoyer520 Calculations for air-co
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Chapter 19Refrigeration: water chil
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Absolute pressure MPa532 Refrigerat
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534 Refrigeration: water chillers a
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564 Hot water supply systemsObvious
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566 Hot water supply systemswith a
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568 Hot water supply systemswhich i
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600m m M in570 Hot water supply sys
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572 Hot water supply systemsThe meg
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574 Hot water supply systemsVentDra
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576 Hot water supply systemsPrimary
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578 Hot water supply systemsCistern
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580 Hot water supply systemsFor use
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582 Hot water supply systemsSteam-t
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584 Hot water supply systemsThe hea
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586 Hot water supply systemsTable 2
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588 Hot water supply systemsStorage
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590 Hot water supply systemsStorage
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592 Hot water supply systemsadequat
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594 Hot water supply systemsA compl
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596 Hot water supply systemsInsulat
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Chapter 21Piping design for central
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600 Piping design for central hot w
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Water flow rate in energy units kW/
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Chapter 22Automatic controls and bu
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622 Automatic controls and building
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660 Running costsPence per kWh4.03.
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662 Running costsAfter allowance ha
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664 Running costsTable 23.3 Part L
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666 Running costsTable 23.4 Degree-
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668 Running costsTable 23.5 Approxi
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670 Running costsaddition, consider
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672 Running costsRunning hours for
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674 Running costs20%. The variables
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Air temperature (ºC)Mass flow rate
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678 Running costsEnergy auditsAn en
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680 Running costs. Preventative. Pl
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682 Running costsTable 23.14 Econom
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3Oil consumption(litre / month x 10
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686 Running costsTable 23.15 Presen
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Chapter 24Combined heat and power (
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690 Combined heat and power (CHP)Fi
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698 Combined heat and power (CHP)to
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700 Combined heat and power (CHP)we
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Appendix ITemperature levelsDegrees
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Appendix IIIConversion factorsImper
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708 IndexAuxiliaryequipment (costs)
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710 Indexdegree-hour 676heat pumps
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712 Indexcleaning 489±93, 489±93d
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714 IndexIndirect hot water supplys
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716 IndexPharmaceuticalcleanrooms 4
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718 IndexSol-air temperatures 12sol
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720 Indexextract grilles 430±1indu
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