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Heat losses 27Temperature °C1.813.4–0.5–0.21.413.916.917.919.019.0–1.0 –1.0(a)(b)Figure 2.2 Surface and interface temperaturesbeing illustrated in part (a). In this case, the overall resistance would be made up asfollows:Outside surface, R so ˆ 0:06Brickwork (1/0:84) (210/1000) ˆ 0:25Inside surface, R si ˆ 0:12R ˆ 0:43 m 2 K/WThe temperature gradient, including the components at the surfaces, will be pro rata tothe resistances and, for inside and outside air temperatures of 21 C and 1 C, respectively,would be:Outside air to outside surface ˆ 22 (0:06/0:43) ˆ 3:1 CAcross the brickwork ˆ 22 (0:25/0:43) ˆ 12:8 CInside surface to inside air ˆ 22 (0:12/0:43) ˆ 6:1 CThe surface temperature of the brickwork inside the enclosure would thus be21 6:1 ˆ 14:9 C.The more complexcase of the curtain wall construction in the previous example is dealtwith in the same way, the surface and the interface temperatures being as shown in part(b) of Figure 2.2.ApplicationHaving established the transmittance coefficients for the various structural elementsenclosing a space, it is then possible to evaluate the conduction component of the heatrequirement. This process is best illustrated by an example.
28 The building in winter4.0Plan8.5Heated4.014.56.04.017.0Heated4.02.0SectionFigure 2.3 Heat loss exampleA simple building having a roof which is part exposed to the outside air and part to a heatedroom above it, is shown in Figure 2.3. It is to be heated to provide an internal air temperatureof 21 C when the outside air temperature is 1 C. The construction is as follows:
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Page 9 and 10: viiiContentsOther systems 396Altern
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Page 13 and 14: xiiPreface to the ninth editionadvi
Page 19 and 20: 2 FundamentalsBefore any part of th
Page 21 and 22: 4 FundamentalsSpecific heat capacit
Page 23 and 24: 6 Fundamentalsas insulators have a
Page 25 and 26: 8 FundamentalsTable 1.4 Examples of
Page 27 and 28: 10 FundamentalsIt has been suggeste
Page 29 and 30: 12 FundamentalsTable 1.7 Wind-chill
Page 31 and 32: 14 Fundamentalsthermometer, used fo
Page 33 and 34: 16 Fundamentalsmeasure them, applic
Page 35 and 36: 18 FundamentalsInletventilationTher
Page 37 and 38: 20 The building in wintercoincide a
Page 39 and 40: 22 The building in winter20GlassTem
Page 41 and 42: 24 The building in winterFor the in
Page 43: 26 The building in winterTable 2.2
Page 47 and 48: 30 The building in wintermost commo
Page 49 and 50: 32 The building in winterExposed el
Page 51 and 52: 34 The building in winterFigure 2.4
Page 53 and 54: 36 The building in winterTable 2.4
Page 55 and 56: 38 The building in winterInsulation
Page 57 and 58: 40 The building in winterSurfaceAre
Page 59 and 60: 42 The building in winterFrom Table
Page 61 and 62: 44 The building in winterTemperatur
Page 63 and 64: 46 The building in winterThe import
Page 67 and 68: 50 The building in winterIntermedia
Page 69 and 70: 52 The building in winterInside tem
Page 71 and 72: 54 The building in winterDesigntemp
Page 73 and 74: 56 The building in winterFrom earli
Page 77 and 78: 60 The building in winterTemperatur
Page 79 and 80: 62 The building in winterfollowing
Page 81 and 82: 64 The building in winterIt has bee
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 3The building in summerThe
Page 85 and 86: 68 The building in summerfrom simpl
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Page 89 and 90: 72 The building in summerIncidence
Page 91 and 92: 74 The building in summertime of pe
Page 93 and 94: 76 The building in summerTable 3.2
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78 The building in summerTable 3.3
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84 The building in summerFigure 3.9
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86 The building in summerAB B C a1
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88 The building in summerConduction
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92 The building in summerLossesMoto
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94 The building in summer(a)(b)Figu
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Chapter 4Survey of heating methodsH
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98 Survey of heating methodsTable 4
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100 Survey of heating methodsIndust
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102 Survey of heating methodsRadian
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104 Survey of heating methodsHeatex
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106 Survey of heating methodsReturn
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108 Survey of heating methodsReflec
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110 Survey of heating methodsCerami
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112 Survey of heating methodsTubula
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114 Survey of heating methodsthey a
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116 Survey of heating methodsFactor
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118 Survey of heating methodsrelian
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Chapter 5Electrical storage heating
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122 Electrical storage heatingTable
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124 Electrical storage heatingR 3
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126 Electrical storage heatingAs wi
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128 Electrical storage heatingWet c
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130 Electrical storage heatingStora
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132 Electrical storage heatingCasin
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134 Electrical storage heatingFinis
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136 Electrical storage heatingTable
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138 Electrical storage heatingVentI
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140 Electrical storage heatingUtili
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142 Electrical storage heatingExpan
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Chapter 6Indirect heating systemsIt
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146 Indirect heating systemsTable 6
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148 Indirect heating systemsin cont
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150 Indirect heating systemsHGIDEAC
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152 Indirect heating systemsLow tem
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154 Indirect heating systemsColdwat
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156 Indirect heating systemsRadiato
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158 Indirect heating systemsRadiato
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160 Indirect heating systemsCondens
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162 Indirect heating systems200800T
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164 Indirect heating systemssuccinc
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166 Indirect heating systemsTable 6
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168 Indirect heating systemsHigh ve
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170 Indirect heating systemsAs will
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172 Indirect heating systems0.080.0
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174 Indirect heating systems(a)(b)(
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Chapter 7Heat emitting equipmentWit
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178 Heat emitting equipmentTable 7.
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180 Heat emitting equipmentRadiant
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182 Heat emitting equipmentHeated g
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184 Heat emitting equipmentHangerIn
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186 Heat emitting equipmentpipes: e
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188 Heat emitting equipmentOpen fro
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190 Heat emitting equipment(a)(b)(d
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192 Heat emitting equipmentTable 7.
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194 Heat emitting equipmentConvecti
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196 Heat emitting equipmentDamperOu
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198 Heat emitting equipmentFilterOu
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200 Heat emitting equipmentSwivelno
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202 Heat emitting equipmentcovered
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204 Pumps and other auxiliary equip
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Chapter 9Piping design for indirect
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234 Piping design for indirect heat
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Chapter 10Boilers and firing equipm
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262 Boilers and firing equipmentcom
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264 Boilers and firing equipmentEss
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266 Boilers and firing equipment100
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268 Boilers and firing equipmentAs
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270 Boilers and firing equipmentFlu
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272 Boilers and firing equipmentFlo
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274 Boilers and firing equipmentFig
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276 Boilers and firing equipmentof
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278 Boilers and firing equipment. a
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280 Boilers and firing equipmentIt
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282 Boilers and firing equipmentFue
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284 Boilers and firing equipmentNoz
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286 Boilers and firing equipmentof
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288 Boilers and firing equipmentNea
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290 Boilers and firing equipmentpor
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292 Boilers and firing equipmentSaf
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294 Boilers and firing equipmentIgn
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Chapter 11Fuels, storage and handli
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298 Fuels, storage and handlingvehi
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300 Fuels, storage and handlingRese
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302 Fuels, storage and handlingtank
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304 Fuels, storage and handlingTank
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306 Fuels, storage and handlingabcd
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308 Fuels, storage and handlingTabl
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314 Fuels, storage and handlingstor
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318 Combustion and chimneysTable 12
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320 Combustion and chimneysTable 12
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322 Combustion and chimneysHence, b
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324 Combustion and chimneys. The te
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326 Combustion and chimneys. Draugh
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328 Combustion and chimneysClean Ai
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330 Combustion and chimneysMechanic
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332 Combustion and chimneysFire bri
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334 Combustion and chimneysMaterial
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336 Combustion and chimneysCombusti
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338 Combustion and chimneysFlueterm
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Chapter 13VentilationThe act or art
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342 VentilationTable 13.1 Ventilati
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344 Ventilationnormal circumstance
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346 Ventilationof air which could b
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348 Ventilationsimilar plant. This
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350 VentilationFlueCrackleaksInduce
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352 VentilationCapSuction bandLouvr
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354 VentilationTable 13.6 Air volum
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356 VentilationCowlBelt driveHinged
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358 VentilationTo fans at roof leve
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360 Ventilationboiler plant in wint
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Dining hall362 VentilationCafeteria
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364 Ventilationthis arrangement, as
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366 Ventilationbe noted that, as a
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368 VentilationTable 13.9 Air veloc
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370 Ventilationvelocity. An increas
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372 VentilationLastly under this he
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374 Air-conditioningBecause refurbi
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376 Air-conditioningThe installatio
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378 Air-conditioningThe type of sys
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380 Air-conditioningAn extension of
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382 Air-conditioningZone unitsSuppl
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384 Air-conditioningSupply airOptio
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386 Air-conditioningoutput of the c
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388 Air-conditioningDischargeto spa
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390 Air-conditioningAirdischargeExt
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392 Air-conditioningin the wall in
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394 Air-conditioningPrimaryair2 Pip
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396 Air-conditioningThe induction s
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398 Air-conditioningsensor as an en
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400 Air-conditioningfan-coil system
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402 Air-conditioningVariable refrig
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404 Air-conditioningChilled water P
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406 Air-conditioningAir supply to h
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408 Air-conditioningTable 14.1 Fact
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410 Air distributionUpward systemTh
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412 Air distributionInlet at 50ºCm
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414 Air distributionExtract airSupp
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416 Air distributioninlet is at a h
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418 Air distribution(a)(b)Figure 15
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420 Air distributionconnections to
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422 Air distributionOpposed bladesD
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424 Air distributionVelocity profil
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426 Air distributionAir supplyPerfo
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428 Air distributionair temperature
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430 Air distributionTable 15.4 Typi
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432 Air distributionFrameSpring cli
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434 Air distributionenergy consumpt
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Chapter 16Ductwork designHaving dec
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438 Ductwork designthe duct with no
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440 Ductwork designFlat ovalStandar
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442 Ductwork designconstruction met
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444 Ductwork designDuctlengthDDRDDu
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446 Ductwork design6mm Plate damper
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448 Ductwork design+Pressure0Veloci
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450 Ductwork designatmospheric pres
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452 Ductwork designTable 16.2 Corre
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454 Ductwork design. Any allowances
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456 Ductwork designBy these means,
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458 Ductwork designTable 16.7 Minim
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460 Ductwork designxAmplitudeyFigur
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462 Ductwork designNoise criteriaIt
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464 Ductwork designL w ˆ 10 ‡ 10
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466 Ductwork design3 64Plant527 8 3
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468 Ductwork designwhereD ˆ perime
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470 Ductwork designArrows show dire
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472 Ductwork designALNORAJAFLOW(a)(
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Chapter 17Fans and air treatment eq
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476 Fans and air treatment equipmen
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PressurePowerPowerPressure482 Fans
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Chapter 18Calculations for air-cond
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Figure 18.1 Psychrometric chart (as
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518 Calculations for air-conditioni
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20mFoyer520 Calculations for air-co
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Chapter 19Refrigeration: water chil
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Absolute pressure MPa532 Refrigerat
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534 Refrigeration: water chillers a
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564 Hot water supply systemsObvious
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566 Hot water supply systemswith a
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568 Hot water supply systemswhich i
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600m m M in570 Hot water supply sys
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572 Hot water supply systemsThe meg
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574 Hot water supply systemsVentDra
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576 Hot water supply systemsPrimary
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578 Hot water supply systemsCistern
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580 Hot water supply systemsFor use
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582 Hot water supply systemsSteam-t
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584 Hot water supply systemsThe hea
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586 Hot water supply systemsTable 2
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588 Hot water supply systemsStorage
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590 Hot water supply systemsStorage
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592 Hot water supply systemsadequat
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594 Hot water supply systemsA compl
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596 Hot water supply systemsInsulat
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Chapter 21Piping design for central
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600 Piping design for central hot w
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Water flow rate in energy units kW/
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Chapter 22Automatic controls and bu
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622 Automatic controls and building
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660 Running costsPence per kWh4.03.
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662 Running costsAfter allowance ha
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664 Running costsTable 23.3 Part L
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666 Running costsTable 23.4 Degree-
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668 Running costsTable 23.5 Approxi
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670 Running costsaddition, consider
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672 Running costsRunning hours for
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674 Running costs20%. The variables
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Air temperature (ºC)Mass flow rate
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678 Running costsEnergy auditsAn en
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680 Running costs. Preventative. Pl
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682 Running costsTable 23.14 Econom
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3Oil consumption(litre / month x 10
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686 Running costsTable 23.15 Presen
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Chapter 24Combined heat and power (
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690 Combined heat and power (CHP)Fi
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698 Combined heat and power (CHP)to
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700 Combined heat and power (CHP)we
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Appendix ITemperature levelsDegrees
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Appendix IIIConversion factorsImper
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This Page Intentionally Left Blank
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708 IndexAuxiliaryequipment (costs)
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710 Indexdegree-hour 676heat pumps
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712 Indexcleaning 489±93, 489±93d
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714 IndexIndirect hot water supplys
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716 IndexPharmaceuticalcleanrooms 4
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718 IndexSol-air temperatures 12sol
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720 Indexextract grilles 430±1indu
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