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Faber and Kell's Heating andAir-conditioning of BuildingsNinth edition revised byD. R. Oughton MSc FREng CEng FCIBSE MInstE MInstRS. Hodkinson BTech CEng MCIBSE MInstEOXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI
Page 2 and 3: Faber and Kell's Heating andAir-con
Page 6: ContentsPreface to the ninth editio
Page 10 and 11: ContentsixFeed cisterns 591Unvented
Page 12 and 13: Preface to the ninth editionEach ti
Page 14 and 15: Preface to first editionDuring 1935
Page 16 and 17: AcknowledgementsThe authors wish to
Page 18 and 19: Chapter 1FundamentalsFulfilment of
Page 20 and 21: Units and quantities 3Table 1.1 Pro
Page 22 and 23: Criteria which affect human comfort
Page 28 and 29: Thermal indices 11Wet bulb temperat
Page 30 and 31: TemperatureMethods of measurement 1
Page 32 and 33: Application 15a Stevenson screen. T
Page 34 and 35: Application 17Table 1.9 Proposed ve
Page 36 and 37: Chapter 2ThebuildinginwinterAs a ge
Page 38 and 39: Heat losses 21Heat lossesThe conven
Page 40 and 41: Heat losses 23The values noted in T
Page 42 and 43: Heat losses 25Construction (dimensi
Page 44 and 45: Heat losses 27Temperature °C1.813.
Page 46 and 47: Heat losses 29WallsRoofFloorWindows
Page 48 and 49: Legislation 31In Part L1 applicable
Page 50 and 51: Atypical construction features 33th
Page 52 and 53: Atypical construction features 351.
Page 54 and 55:
Atypical construction features 37Br
Page 56 and 57:
Atypical construction features 39In
Page 58 and 59:
typical but wholly uninsulated cons
Page 60 and 61:
Condensation 43Table 2.7 Vapour res
Page 62 and 63:
Interface, air gap to concrete pane
Page 64 and 65:
Air change and ventilation allowanc
Page 66 and 67:
Air infiltration 49Table 2.11 Heat
Page 68 and 69:
If the windows were weather strippe
Page 70 and 71:
Temperature difference 53Table 2.12
Page 72 and 73:
Temperature difference 55Table 2.13
Page 74 and 75:
Miscellaneous allowances 57This eff
Page 76 and 77:
Table 2.15 Approximate heat input p
Page 78 and 79:
Continuous versus intermittent oper
Page 80 and 81:
Continuous versus intermittent oper
Page 82 and 83:
Steady state and dynamic response 6
Page 84 and 85:
Conservation of energy 67of air inf
Page 86 and 87:
Solar heat gains 69Primary energy,
Page 88 and 89:
Solar heat gains 711280.0Heat gain
Page 90 and 91:
Solar heat gains 73800South600Inten
Page 92 and 93:
Solar heat gains 75Table 3.1 Select
Page 94 and 95:
Solar heat gains 7740.0Temperature
Page 96 and 97:
Solar heat gains 79allow penetratio
Page 98 and 99:
Solar heat gains 81Table 3.5 Correc
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Solar heat gains 831001 d = 02 d =
Page 102 and 103:
Solar heat gains 85`brochure level'
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Solar heat gains 87Office block cor
Page 106 and 107:
Miscellaneous heat gains 89Air infi
Page 108 and 109:
Miscellaneous heat gains 91Table 3.
Page 110 and 111:
Temperature difference 93equipment
Page 112 and 113:
Intermittent operation 95the relati
Page 114 and 115:
Electrical off-peak storage systems
Page 116 and 117:
Closed stovesDirect systems ± liqu
Page 118 and 119:
Infra-red heatersDirect systems ±
Page 120 and 121:
Direct systems ± gaseous fuels (pr
Page 122 and 123:
Direct systems ± gaseous fuels (pr
Page 124 and 125:
Direct systems ± electrical (prima
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Indirect systems ± liquid media 11
Page 132 and 133:
Indirect systems ± gaseous media 1
Page 134 and 135:
Factors affecting choice 117Where a
Page 136 and 137:
Factors affecting choice 119Fuel Un
Page 138 and 139:
Capacity of the heat store 121Warme
Page 140 and 141:
Capacity of room stores 123Table 5.
Page 142 and 143:
fact it would not be an exaggeratio
Page 144 and 145:
Capacity of central stores 127In co
Page 146 and 147:
Equipment for room stores 129Casing
Page 148 and 149:
Equipment for room stores 131number
Page 150 and 151:
Equipment for room stores 133Table
Page 152 and 153:
Equipment for central stores 135As
Page 154 and 155:
Equipment for central stores 137Cas
Page 156 and 157:
Equipment for central stores 139Tab
Page 158 and 159:
Equipment for central stores 141at
Page 160 and 161:
Electrical supply to storage equipm
Page 162 and 163:
Water systems ± characteristics 14
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Water systems ± piping arrangement
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Steam systems ± characteristics 15
Page 178 and 179:
Steam systems ± characteristics 16
Page 180 and 181:
Steam systems ± piping arrangement
Page 182 and 183:
Air systems ± characteristics 165F
Page 184 and 185:
Air systems ± characteristics 167a
Page 186 and 187:
Pipework heat emission 169Data for
Page 188 and 189:
External distribution systems 171Da
Page 190 and 191:
External distribution systems 173Pe
Page 192 and 193:
External distribution systems 175Ta
Page 194 and 195:
Principal criteria 177Radiationh r
Page 196 and 197:
Metal radiant panelsRadiant heating
Page 198 and 199:
Radiant heating 181Flow mainRadiant
Page 200 and 201:
Radiant heating 183Support systemIn
Page 202 and 203:
Radiant heating 185FinishScreed and
Page 204 and 205:
Combined radiant and convective hea
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Convective heating 195Table 7.8 Emi
Page 214 and 215:
Convective heating 197DamperFinnedt
Page 216 and 217:
Convective heating 199Figure 7.22 F
Page 218 and 219:
Convective heating 201SuspensionWea
Page 220 and 221:
Chapter 8Pumps and other auxiliary
Page 222 and 223:
Pumps 20510% increasein speedTwo pu
Page 224 and 225:
Pumps 207Dealing with these in turn
Page 226 and 227:
Pumps 209Pressure21kPa434032324(a)(
Page 228 and 229:
Pump speed controlPumps 211Variable
Page 230 and 231:
System pressurisation 213Systemconn
Page 232 and 233:
System pressurisation 215BGICE 1AFE
Page 234 and 235:
Simple non-storage calorifiersNon-s
Page 236 and 237:
Non-storage calorifiers 219Figure 8
Page 238 and 239:
Condensate handling equipment 221.
Page 240 and 241:
Condensate return pumping unitsStea
Page 242 and 243:
Heat meters 225H.P. isolating valve
Page 244 and 245:
Hours-run meters 227Figure 8.26 Eva
Page 246 and 247:
Corrosion 229Air bottleAir bottleMa
Page 248 and 249:
Corrosion 231forming or both, some
Page 250 and 251:
Flow of water in pipesIt would be i
Page 252 and 253:
Water systems - principles 23510.05
Page 254 and 255:
Water systems ± applications 237Ex
Page 256 and 257:
Water systems ± applications 239Pi
Page 258 and 259:
Water systems ± applications 241Pi
Page 260 and 261:
Water systems ± applications 243th
Page 262 and 263:
Water systems ± applications 245Ri
Page 264 and 265:
Water systems - footnotes 247Water
Page 266 and 267:
Water systems - gravity circulation
Page 268 and 269:
Steam systems - principles 251Figur
Page 270 and 271:
Steam systems - principles 253where
Page 272 and 273:
Provision for thermal expansion 255
Page 274 and 275:
Expansion joints and loopsPipework
Page 276 and 277:
Provision for thermal expansion 259
Page 278 and 279:
Basic considerations 261The result
Page 280 and 281:
Criteria for boiler selection 263ou
Page 282 and 283:
CondensingCriteria for boiler selec
Page 284 and 285:
Boiler houses ± size and location
Page 286 and 287:
Types of boiler 269Water waysFluecl
Page 288 and 289:
Types of boiler 271Figure 10.8 Cast
Page 290 and 291:
Types of boiler 273Third passFlueTr
Page 292 and 293:
Types of boiler 275To load control
Page 294 and 295:
Boiler fittings and mountings 277Ta
Page 296 and 297:
Automatic stokersBoiler firing ± s
Page 298 and 299:
Boiler firing ± solid fuel 281Coki
Page 300 and 301:
Boiler firing ± oil fuel 283Pressu
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Boiler firing ± oil fuel 285Primar
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Boiler firing ± gaseous fuel 287A
Page 306 and 307:
Boiler firing ± gaseous fuel 289Fi
Page 308 and 309:
Boiler firing ± gaseous fuel 291No
Page 310 and 311:
Miscellaneous burner equipment 293W
Page 312 and 313:
Smoke indicationInstrumentation 295
Page 314 and 315:
Solid fuel 297Table 11.1 Properties
Page 316 and 317:
HandlingSolid fuel 299The range of
Page 318 and 319:
Liquid fuel 301Table 11.4 Propertie
Page 320 and 321:
Liquid fuel 303Table 11.6 Oil tank
Page 322 and 323:
Liquid fuel 305VentDip pipeFill pip
Page 324 and 325:
Liquid fuel 307For heavy oils, grad
Page 326 and 327:
Natural gas 309Flue terminalBoiler
Page 328 and 329:
Liquefied petroleum gas 311Table 11
Page 330 and 331:
Electricity 313Table 11.12 Flow of
Page 332 and 333:
Miscellaneous fuels 315burn natural
Page 334 and 335:
Chapter 12Combustion and chimneysAs
Page 336 and 337:
Combustion processes 319with any su
Page 338 and 339:
Sample calculations 32130Chimney lo
Page 340 and 341:
The CO 2 present in the combustion
Page 342 and 343:
Chimneys 3250.35650Area of chimney
Page 344 and 345:
Chimneys 3270.3Upper lines - 0°C a
Page 346 and 347:
Chimneys 3295030Uncorrected chimney
Page 348 and 349:
Chimney construction 3311000Diamete
Page 350 and 351:
Chimney construction 333Steel shell
Page 352 and 353:
Special methods for flue gas dispos
Page 354 and 355:
Air supply to boiler houses 337This
Page 356 and 357:
Air supply to boiler houses 339the
Page 358 and 359:
Air supply for human emissions 341s
Page 360 and 361:
Air supply for other reasons 343Tab
Page 362 and 363:
Air change rates 345Table 13.4 Limi
Page 364 and 365:
Criteria for air supply to occupied
Page 366 and 367:
Methods of ventilation 349indiscrim
Page 368 and 369:
Methods of ventilation 351(b) The T
Page 370 and 371:
Methods of ventilation 353Figure 13
Page 372 and 373:
Methods of ventilation 355relations
Page 374 and 375:
Methods of ventilation 357For summe
Page 376 and 377:
Methods of ventilation 359other, in
Page 378 and 379:
Kitchens 361Table 13.8 Nominal exha
Page 380 and 381:
Kitchens 363Outside Air InletExhaus
Page 382 and 383:
Kitchens 365manufactured in stainle
Page 384 and 385:
Special applications 367Firstly, th
Page 386 and 387:
Special applications 369Connection
Page 388 and 389:
Recirculation units 371The alternat
Page 390 and 391:
Chapter 14Air-conditioningThe scien
Page 392 and 393:
General principles 375In summer. A
Page 394 and 395:
Traditional systems 3770.50.60.70.8
Page 396 and 397:
Traditional systems 379humidificati
Page 398 and 399:
Zone units (air handling units)Trad
Page 400 and 401:
All-air systems 383of the air±wate
Page 402 and 403:
All-air systems 385In principle, th
Page 404 and 405:
All-air systems 387AirdischargeHeat
Page 406 and 407:
All-air systems 389HotairMixing bla
Page 408 and 409:
Air-water systems 391OutletgrilleTe
Page 410 and 411:
Air-water systems 393tested by manu
Page 412 and 413:
such an arrangement acts as `termin
Page 414 and 415:
Other systems 397allowed to be slig
Page 416 and 417:
Other systems 399Fan SectionFiltere
Page 418 and 419:
Other systems 401Simultaneous heati
Page 420 and 421:
Other systems 403high thermal effic
Page 422 and 423:
Alternative methods of cooling 405u
Page 424 and 425:
Alternative methods of cooling 407S
Page 426 and 427:
Chapter 15Air distributionEffective
Page 428 and 429:
General principles 411Roof extract
Page 430 and 431:
General principles 413Return airSup
Page 432 and 433:
General principles 415DischargeUnde
Page 434 and 435:
ADistribution for air-conditioning
Page 436 and 437:
Distribution for air-conditioning 4
Page 438 and 439:
Page 440 and 441:
Page 442 and 443:
Page 444 and 445:
Page 446 and 447:
Page 448 and 449:
Special air distribution applicatio
Page 450 and 451:
Special air distribution applicatio
Page 452 and 453:
Further reading 435. High loads can
Page 454 and 455:
Ductwork 437100098765432Velocity pr
Page 456 and 457:
Ductwork 439ductwork is to achieve
Page 458 and 459:
Ductwork 441Ground floorDuctMastic
Page 460 and 461:
Ductwork components and auxiliaries
Page 462 and 463:
Ductwork components and auxiliaries
Page 464 and 465:
Pressure distribution in ducts 447S
Page 466 and 467:
Pressure distribution in ducts 449P
Page 468 and 469:
Pressure distribution in ducts 4511
Page 470 and 471:
Pressure distribution in ducts 453A
Page 472 and 473:
Pressure distribution in ducts 455w
Page 474 and 475:
Thermal insulation of ducts 457stat
Page 476 and 477:
Sound control 459SoundIt is necessa
Page 478 and 479:
Sound control 4613.02.52.0Exampleto
Page 480 and 481:
Sound control 463emphasis to those
Page 482 and 483:
Noise dispersal 46598765432100 1 2
Page 484 and 485:
Noise dispersal 467Table 16.8 Noise
Page 486 and 487:
Noise dispersal 469wander across th
Page 488 and 489:
Commissioning and measurement 471Op
Page 490 and 491:
Commissioning and measurement 473Se
Page 492 and 493:
Fan types and performance 475Total
Page 494 and 495:
Fan types and performance 477120100
Page 496 and 497:
Fan types and performance 479(a) (b
Page 498 and 499:
Axial flow fans of the bifurcated t
Page 500 and 501:
Power PressurePowerPressureFan type
Page 502 and 503:
Air filtration 485Table 17.1 Typica
Page 504 and 505:
Air filtration 487and downstream of
Page 506 and 507:
Filter cleaningAir filtration 489Wh
Page 508 and 509:
Air filtration 491Main frameSub fra
Page 510 and 511:
Air humidification 493Withdrawal(a)
Page 512 and 513:
Air humidification 495Steamdischarg
Page 514 and 515:
Air humidification 497Water spray n
Page 516 and 517:
Air heating and cooling coils 499of
Page 518 and 519:
Air heating and cooling coils 501Dr
Page 520 and 521:
Air-to-air heat exchangers 503OASAS
Page 522 and 523:
Air-to-air heat exchangers 505t 3 i
Page 524 and 525:
Air-to-air heat exchangers 507Retur
Page 526 and 527:
Air-to-air heat exchangers 5097060E
Page 528 and 529:
Air-to-air heat exchangers 511From
Page 530 and 531:
Air-to-air heat exchangers 513Water
Page 532 and 533:
Psychrometry 515whereM ˆ mass flow
Page 534 and 535:
Psychrometry 517accurate for situat
Page 536 and 537:
Application 519ApplicationHaving ar
Page 538 and 539:
Application 521Internal heat gain*T
Page 540 and 541:
Application 523Difference in enthal
Page 542 and 543:
hot water radiators. In consequence
Page 544 and 545:
Design calculations for other syste
Page 546 and 547:
System diagrams and automatic contr
Page 548 and 549:
Mechanical refrigeration 531GasComp
Page 550 and 551:
Application of refrigerationRefrige
Page 552 and 553:
Refrigerating media 535Table 19.1 P
Page 554 and 555:
MotorCompressor(8 cylinder)Types of
Page 556 and 557:
Types of refrigeration plant 539Suc
Page 558 and 559:
Types of refrigeration plant 541lit
Page 560 and 561:
Choice of refrigeration plant 543of
Page 562 and 563:
Choice of refrigeration plant 545Wi
Page 564 and 565:
Refrigeration plant components 547A
Page 566 and 567:
Refrigeration plant components 549C
Page 568 and 569:
Refrigeration plant components 551W
Page 570 and 571:
Refrigeration plant components 553D
Page 572 and 573:
Heat recovery 555RCTBR(a)(b)RCTRCT(
Page 574 and 575:
Heat pumps 557The principle of heat
Page 576 and 577:
C.O.PHeat pumps 5595435ºC Flow3245
Page 578 and 579:
Heat pumps 561their simplicity, pro
Page 580 and 581:
Chapter 20Hot water supply systemsT
Page 582 and 583:
Local systems 565may be served prov
Page 584 and 585:
Local systems 567Streamline oversin
Page 586 and 587:
MinLocal systems 569Dip-tube and an
Page 588 and 589:
Local systems 571For applications w
Page 590 and 591:
Central systems 573NightelementDaye
Page 592 and 593:
Figure 20.13 High output direct fir
Page 594 and 595:
Central systems 577To HWScylinder(g
Page 596 and 597:
Cylinders, indirect cylinders and c
Page 598 and 599:
Page 600 and 601:
Page 602 and 603:
Requirements for storage capacity a
Page 604 and 605:
Requirements for storage capacity a
Page 606 and 607:
example. Recovery periods to be two
Page 608 and 609:
Feed cisterns 591the store is cold
Page 610 and 611:
Water treatment 593Cold waterTemper
Page 612 and 613:
Magnetic/electromagnetic conditioni
Page 614 and 615:
Solar collectors 597SolarcollectorP
Page 616 and 617:
Primary circulations 599Direct cyli
Page 618 and 619:
Secondary outflow and return pipewo
Page 620 and 621:
Page 622 and 623:
Page 624 and 625:
Page 626 and 627:
14m12m9m6m3mSecondary outflow and r
Page 628 and 629:
Page 630 and 631:
Page 632 and 633:
System arrangements 615case that hy
Page 634 and 635:
System arrangements 617It is the us
Page 636 and 637:
System arrangements 619C.W. feedFlo
Page 638 and 639:
Building regulations 621It is essen
Page 640 and 641:
1 2 3Building regulations 623(a) St
Page 642 and 643:
Sensing devices 625AdjustmentConnec
Page 644 and 645:
Control devices 627For electronic a
Page 646 and 647:
Control devices 629CoverCoilSpringC
Page 648 and 649:
Control devices 631100DPercent flow
Page 650 and 651:
Control devices 633Selection of two
Page 652 and 653:
Controller modes of operation 635Fa
Page 654 and 655:
Controller modes of operation 637Sw
Page 656 and 657:
Systems controls 639where, in conse
Page 658 and 659:
Heating system controls 641Heating
Page 660 and 661:
Air-conditioning system controls 64
Page 662 and 663:
Page 664 and 665:
Page 666 and 667:
Page 668 and 669:
Page 670 and 671:
Building management systems 653ofte
Page 672 and 673:
telephone link. ISDN links may be u
Page 674 and 675:
Building management systems 657Cont
Page 676 and 677:
Chapter 23Running costsThe cost of
Page 678 and 679:
Primary energy 661Dependent upon th
Page 680 and 681:
Heating systems ± Part L regulatio
Page 682 and 683:
Heating systems ± Part L regulatio
Page 684 and 685:
Period of use 66720Temperature °C1
Page 686 and 687:
Period of use 669Table 23.7 Factors
Page 688 and 689:
Period of use 671Table 23.9 (a) Hea
Page 690 and 691:
Mechanically ventilated buildings 6
Page 692 and 693:
System energy input rooms in kWhrep
Page 694 and 695:
Energy targets 677Table 23.11 Heat
Page 696 and 697:
Maintenance 679Table 23.12 Energy a
Page 698 and 699:
InsuranceInvestment appraisals 681C
Page 700 and 701:
Investment appraisals 683Type Item
Page 702 and 703:
Investment appraisals 68510805Addit
Page 704 and 705:
scale on the right hand side is pro
Page 706 and 707:
Basic considerations 689Figure 24.1
Page 708 and 709:
Basic considerations 691at full or
Page 710 and 711:
Page 712 and 713:
Page 714 and 715:
CHP systems ± criteria for selecti
Page 716 and 717:
Emergent technologies 699Figure 24.
Page 718 and 719:
Conclusion 701Typical electrical ou
Page 720 and 721:
Appendix IISI unit symbolsQuantity
Page 722 and 723:
Appendix III 705Imperial units to S
Page 724 and 725:
IndexNote: Numbers in italics repre
Page 726 and 727:
Index 709Chiller systems 652±3, 65
Page 728 and 729:
Index 711Dwelling ventilation 346Dy
Page 730 and 731:
Index 713isothermal enclosures 191
Page 732 and 733:
Index 715Micro-bore hot watersupply
Page 734 and 735:
Index 717Reciprocating enginescombi
Page 736 and 737:
Index 719gradients 57hot water syst
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